Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: EGRET, GREAT

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: PELECANIFORMES

Family: ARDEIDAE

Genus: ARDEA

Species: ALBA

Taxonomic Authority: LINNAEUS

Taxonomy References: 032 , 002 , 039

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G5

Status References: 019 , 029 , 036

Habitat Summary

"Inhabit swamps, brushy lake borders and riparian woodlands. Prefer vegetation average 5.73 m tall and nest tree average 24 cm dbh."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland matrix"

References: 016 , 018 , 003

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Uncommon transient, rare summer resident, accidental winter resident *01*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
ADAIR ANDREW
BENTON ATCHISON
BOLLINGER AUDRAIN
BOONE BARRY
BUCHANAN BARTON
BUTLER BATES
CALDWELL CALLAWAY
CAMDEN CARROLL
CAPE GIRARDEAU CARTER
CEDAR CASS
CHARITON CLAY
CHRISTIAN CLINTON
CLARK COLE
DADE COOPER
DAVIESS CRAWFORD
GREENE DALLAS
HENRY DEKALB
HICKORY DENT
HOLT DOUGLAS
JASPER DUNKLIN
JEFFERSON FRANKLIN
LAFAYETTE GASCONADE
LINCOLN GENTRY
LINN GRUNDY
LIVINGSTON HARRISON
MACON HOWARD
MARION HOWELL
MILLER IRON
MISSISSIPPI JACKSON
MONROE JOHNSON
NEW MADRID KNOX
NEWTON LACLEDE
NODAWAY LAWRENCE
OREGON LEWIS
OZARK MADISON
PEMISCOT MARIES
PERRY MCDONALD
PIKE MERCER
POLK MONITEAU
RALLS MONTGOMERY
RANDOLPH MORGAN
RAY OSAGE
REYNOLDS PETTIS
SALINE PHELPS
SCOTT PLATTE
ST. CHARLES PULASKI
ST. CLAIR PUTNAM
ST. FRANCOIS RIPLEY
STODDARD SCHUYLER
VERNON SCOTLAND
WAYNE SHANNON
WEBSTER SHELBY
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 015 , 028 , 033 , 035 , 001 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 013 , 027 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 014

Distribution by Watersheds

Des Moines R.
Wyaconda R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Palustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Lacustrine, littoral", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Emergent, nonpersistent"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated shore, organic"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated shore, vegetated"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, algal"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Palustrine", "Forested, broad-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Forested, needle-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Shrub-Scrub"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, needle-leaved evergreen"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, dead"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, sand"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, mud"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, organic"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, vegetated"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, organic"
"Riverine, intermittent"
"Riverine, intermittent", "Streambed, bedrock"
"Riverine, intermittent", "Streambed, vegetated"
"Riverine, unknown perennial"

References for Aquatic Associations: 016 , 018 , 034 , 003

Habitat Types:

Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Marsh
Intermittent Stream
Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 016 , 017 , 018 , 020 , 003

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp
Shrub Swamp
Pond Shrub Swamp

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 016 , 017 , 018 , 020 , 003

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Semionotiformes (gars); Not Specified
Amiiformes (bowfins); Not Specified
Clupeiformes (herrings); Not Specified
Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, suckers); Not Specified
Siluriformes (catfishes); Not Specified
Perciformes (bass, sunfishes, perches, drums, sculpins); Not Specified
Crustaceans; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 016

Adult Food Habits

Lepidoptera (butterflies); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Caudata (salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, sirens); Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Crustaceans; Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 018

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Turbidity: clear water
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 016 , 018 , 003

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 016 , 018 , 003

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Aquatic vegetation: reeds
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 016 , 017 , 018 , 022 , 023 , 031 , 003

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Turbidity: clear water
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to suitable breeding area specified in comments(00450)
Agricultural crops: flooded crop fields
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 016 , 018 , 030 , 037 , 038 , 003

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Turbidity: clear water
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to suitable breeding area specified in comments(00450)
Agricultural crops: flooded crop fields
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for resting adult niche requirements: 016 , 018 , 003

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops: flooded crop fields
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Aquatic vegetation: reeds
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Distance to suitable breeding area specified in comments(00450)
Floodplain
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Turbidity: clear water

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
099 Usually nest in mixed-species colonies *03,16,17,18,24* often with great blue herons and black-crowned night herons *16*. Often have communal roosts in bottomland forests near nesting colonies *16*
037 After nesting season, move north before beginning fall migration *16,18*
018 Clutch size 3-4 *03*. In CA study, mean clutch size 2.87. Most frequent clutch size 3, most productive clutch size 4. *26*
026 Breeding/nesting territory initially large, shrinks to area immediately around nest *18*
031 In CA study, mortality of young greatest in 3rd week, survival high after 5 weeks *26*
033 Usually arrive in MO in April *05*. Arrive in Mississippicounty in April *17* arrive in IL in March, leave September through November *16*
034 Limiting factor: weather *16,18*: high winds and low temperatures during nesting inhibit pair formation *18*
016 Nests approximately 2' diameter *03*
007 In IL, egg-laying occurs April-June *16*
011 Occasionally nest on ground in sparse vegetation *22*. Usually build nest on top of an old nest *18*
014 Nest height usually 20-40' *18* another author indicates nest height 10 - 30' high *03*. In IL, nests usually 15-18 m high *16* in NC, nest height averaged 4.38 m *23* nests higher if great blue herons not present in colony *24*
015 Other nest materials - vines, stems of aquatic vegetation *03 16,18*
017 Incubation 23-24 days *03,18*

Life History Information

Territoriality: defends feeding territory
Territoriality specified in comments(026)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Foraging strategy: stalking
Foraging sites: water
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Display site: nest
Nest/den site: shrubs
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials specified in comments(015)
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Territoriality: defends breeding and nesting territory

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
099 Usually nest in mixed-species colonies *03,16,17,18,24* often with great blue herons and black-crowned night herons *16*. Often have communal roosts in bottomland forests near nesting colonies *16*
037 After nesting season, move north before beginning fall migration *16,18*
018 Clutch size 3-4 *03*. In CA study, mean clutch size 2.87. Most frequent clutch size 3, most productive clutch size 4. *26*
026 Breeding/nesting territory initially large, shrinks to area immediately around nest *18*
031 In CA study, mortality of young greatest in 3rd week, survival high after 5 weeks *26*
033 Usually arrive in MO in April *05*. Arrive in Mississippicounty in April *17* arrive in IL in March, leave September through November *16*
034 Limiting factor: weather *16,18*: high winds and low temperatures during nesting inhibit pair formation *18*
016 Nests approximately 2' diameter *03*
007 In IL, egg-laying occurs April-June *16*
011 Occasionally nest on ground in sparse vegetation *22*. Usually build nest on top of an old nest *18*
014 Nest height usually 20-40' *18* another author indicates nest height 10 - 30' high *03*. In IL, nests usually 15-18 m high *16* in NC, nest height averaged 4.38 m *23* nests higher if great blue herons not present in colony *24*
015 Other nest materials - vines, stems of aquatic vegetation *03 16,18*
017 Incubation 23-24 days *03,18*

References for life history: 016 , 017 , 018 , 022 , 026 , 001 , 004

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Shrub/brush - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - control water levels
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - restrict human disturbance
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Forest - control erosion
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streambanks
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Grassland - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.

Beneficial Management References: 016 , 018 , 023 , 025 , 038

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of herbicides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - control aquatic plants
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - burning marshes or wetlands
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Forest - application of herbicides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Forest - control undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)

Adverse Management References: 016 , 018 , 023 , 025

Comments on Management:
Beneficial to maintain wetlands *25* in CA study, fewer eggs and smaller brood size were noted before the ban on ddt was in effect *26* in a managed wetland in northeast MO, use was concentrated with decreasing water levels during drawdowns. For drawdowns initiated June 15-20, slower drawdowns (9-10 days) produced a greater response. In wetland complexes, management units should be drawn down sequentially. Maintaining a complex of seasonal wetlands, riverine sloughs and forested wetlands is beneficial. *38*.

References for Management Comments: 025 , 038

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
002 American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
003 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
004 Unpb Rathert, J. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)-882-9880.
005 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
006 Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2.
007 Kelly, J. and C. Hobbs (Compilers). 1978. Bird Checklist, Greater Kansas City Area. Burroughs Audubon Society Of Kansas City (Publishers).
008 Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
009 Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
010 Birds Of Mingo National Wildlife Refuge.1970.Department Of The Interior Fish And Wildlife Service.Bureau Of Sport Fisheries And Wildlife.Refuge Leaflet 179-R3.
011 Comfort, J.F. 1975. A Checklist Of The Birds Of The August A. Busch Memorial Wildlife Area. Mo Dept Conserv and Webster Groves Nature Study Soc.
012 Dierker, W.W. 1979. Birds Of The Hannibal, Missouri Area. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 13:41-51.
013 Robbins, M. 1978. Spring Survey. Bluebird 45(3):14-20.
014 Robbins, M. 1977. Summer Survey. Bluebird 44(4):29-31.
015 Matthews, R. 1977. Birding At Camp Rising Sun. Bluebird 44(4):9-10.
016 Graber, J.W., R.R. Graber and E.L. Kirk 1978. Illinois Birds: Ciconiiformes. IL Nat. Hist. Survey Biol. Notes No. 109. 80 Pp.
017 Peterson, C.T. 1965. An Unusual Colony Of Little Blue Herons. Wilson Bull. 77:192.
018 Palmer, R.S. (Ed.) 1962. Handbook Of North American Birds, Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press. New Haven and London. 567 Pp.
019 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
020 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
021 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
022 Burger, J. 1978. Competition Between Cattle Egrets And Native North American Herons, Egrets, And Ibises. Condor 80:15-23.
023 Mccrimmon, D.A. Jr. 1978. Nest Site Characteristics Among Five Species Of Herons On The North Carolina Coast. Auk 95:267-280.
024 Burger, J. 1979. Resource Partitioning: Nest Site Selection In Mixed Species Colonies Of Herons, Egrets, and Ibises. Amer. Midl. Nat. 101(1):191-210.
025 Unpb Fredrickson, L.H. Univ. Of Mo Gaylord Research Lab., Puxico, Mo 63960 (573-222-3203).
026 Pratt, H.M. and D.W. Winkler. 1985. Clutch Size, Timing Of Laying, And Reproductive Success In A Colony Of Great Blue Herons. Auk 102 (1):49-63.
027 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
028 Unpb Wilson, J.D. and B. Jacobs. 1988. The Distribution And Breeding Status Of The Birds Of Missouri (Preliminary Report). Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
029 Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
030 Smith, J.W. 1987. An Evaluation Of The Effects Of Wetland Management/Greentree Reservoir Management On Birds At The Ted Shanks Wildlife Management Area. Mo Dept. Conserv. P-R Proj. W-13-R-40, Study No. 50, Job No. 2 and 3.
031 Best, L.B., K.E. Freemark, J.J. Dinsmore and M. Camp. 1995. A Review And Synthesis Of Habitat Use By Breeding Birds In Agricultural Landscapes In Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 134:1-29.
032 American Ornithologist's Union. 1995. Fortieth Supplement To The American Ornithologist's Union Check-List Of North American Birds. Auk 112:819-830.
033 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
034 Anderson, J.T., T.C. Tacha, G.T. Muehl and D. Lobpries. 1996. Wetland Use By Waterbirds That Winter In Coastal Texas. Nat. Biol. Serv. Information and Technology Report 8. 40 Pp.
035 Unpb Sargent, J.C. 1996. The Importance Of Managed Wetlands As Fish Nursery Habitat In The Lower Missouri River Floodplain. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 318 Pp.
036 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp.
037 Humburg, D.D., K. Bataille, D.L. Helmers and D.A. Brunet. 1999. Wetland Ecology Studies In The Missouri River Floodplain: Evaluation Of Seasonal Habitat Use By Waterbirds On The Missouri River Floodplain Mo Dept. Conserv. Final Rept. Proj. W-13-R-53, Study 18, Job 4. 130 Pp.
038 unpb Reid, F.A. 1989. Differential Habitat Use By Waterbirds In A Managed Wetland Complex. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 270 Pp.
039 Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C.Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz and K.Winker. 2010. 51st Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 127(3):726-744.