Common Name: EGRET, SNOWY
Phylum: CHORDATA
Class: AVES
Order: PELECANIFORMES
Family: ARDEIDAE
Genus: EGRETTA
Species: THULA
SubSpecies: THULA
Taxonomic Authority: (MOLINA)
Taxonomy References: 004 , 003 , 039
NONGAME
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G5
Status References: 028 , 018 , 038
"Inhabit marshes, swamps and lowland forests with shrubs and robust emergent vegetation. Prefer vegetation average 3.92 m tall and nest trees averaging 6.77 cm dbh."
Primary Habitat: "Wetland matrix"
"Rare summer resident in southeast, rare summer visitant elsewhere *01*."
Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOLLINGER | ADAIR | ||||
BUCHANAN | ANDREW | ||||
CAPE GIRARDEAU | ATCHISON | ||||
CHARITON | AUDRAIN | ||||
CLINTON | BARRY | ||||
DUNKLIN | BARTON | ||||
HOLT | BATES | ||||
JACKSON | BENTON | ||||
MACON | BOONE | ||||
MISSISSIPPI | BUTLER | ||||
NEW MADRID | CALDWELL | ||||
PEMISCOT | CALLAWAY | ||||
PERRY | CAMDEN | ||||
PIKE | CARROLL | ||||
RANDOLPH | CARTER | ||||
SCOTT | CASS | ||||
ST. CHARLES | CEDAR | ||||
ST. CLAIR | CHRISTIAN | ||||
ST. LOUIS | CLARK | ||||
STODDARD | CLAY | ||||
VERNON | COLE | ||||
COOPER | |||||
CRAWFORD | |||||
DADE | |||||
DALLAS | |||||
DAVIESS | |||||
DEKALB | |||||
DENT | |||||
DOUGLAS | |||||
FRANKLIN | |||||
GASCONADE | |||||
GENTRY | |||||
GREENE | |||||
GRUNDY | |||||
HARRISON | |||||
HENRY | |||||
HICKORY | |||||
HOWARD | |||||
HOWELL | |||||
IRON | |||||
JASPER | |||||
JEFFERSON | |||||
JOHNSON | |||||
KNOX | |||||
LACLEDE | |||||
LAFAYETTE | |||||
LAWRENCE | |||||
LEWIS | |||||
LINCOLN | |||||
LINN | |||||
LIVINGSTON | |||||
MADISON | |||||
MARIES | |||||
MARION | |||||
MCDONALD | |||||
MERCER | |||||
MILLER | |||||
MONITEAU | |||||
MONROE | |||||
MONTGOMERY | |||||
MORGAN | |||||
NEWTON | |||||
NODAWAY | |||||
OREGON | |||||
OSAGE | |||||
OZARK | |||||
PETTIS | |||||
PHELPS | |||||
PLATTE | |||||
POLK | |||||
PULASKI | |||||
PUTNAM | |||||
RALLS | |||||
RAY | |||||
REYNOLDS | |||||
RIPLEY | |||||
SALINE | |||||
SCHUYLER | |||||
SCOTLAND | |||||
SHANNON | |||||
SHELBY | |||||
ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
STE. GENEVIEVE | |||||
STONE | |||||
SULLIVAN | |||||
TANEY | |||||
TEXAS | |||||
WARREN | |||||
WASHINGTON | |||||
WAYNE | |||||
WEBSTER | |||||
WORTH | |||||
WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 027 , 029 , 032 , 002 , 005 , 006 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 013 , 007 , 012 , 001
Wyaconda R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Northwest Corner of Jackson County
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."
Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL
Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains
Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.
Lacustrine
Palustrine
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Emergent, nonpersistent"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated shore, mud"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated shore, organic"
"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated shore, vegetated"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, algal"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent"
"Palustrine", "Emergent, nonpersistent"
"Palustrine", "Forested, broad-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, broad-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, needle-leaved evergreen"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, dead"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, organic"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, vegetated"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, intermittent", "Streambed, bedrock"
References for Aquatic Associations: 033 , 014 , 016 , 017 , 023
Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Marsh
References for Habitat Types: 014 , 016 , 017 , 019
Forest
Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp
Shrub Swamp
Pond Shrub Swamp
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 014 , 016 , 017 , 019
"Carnivore"
Comments for larval food habits:
""
References for larval food habits:
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Larva stage
Insects
Insects; Larva stage
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Larva stage
Hemiptera (water bugs, water boatmen, stink bugs); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Atheriniformes (killifishes, livebearers, silversides); Not Specified
Caudata (salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, sirens); Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified
Oligochaetes (earthworms); Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Adult Stage
Insects
Insects; Adult Stage
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""
References Juvenile Food Habits 026 , 021
Insects
Insects; Larva stage
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Larva stage
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Oligochaetes (earthworms); Not Specified
Snails; Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Sauria (lizards, skinks); Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Insects
Insects; Adult Stage
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Adult Stage
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 016
References for egg niches requirements:
References for feeding larvae niche requirements:
References for resting Larvae niche requirements:
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water depth: shallow
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 030 , 014 , 016 , 017 , 022
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 014 , 016 , 017 , 022
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Aquatic vegetation: bulrush (Scirpus)
Aquatic vegetation: buttonbush (Cephalanthus)
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 024 , 030 , 014 , 016 , 017 , 021 , 022 , 023
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
References for feeding adult niche requirements: 035 , 036 , 014 , 016 , 017 , 022
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
References for resting adult niche requirements: 014 , 016 , 017 , 022
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Aquatic vegetation: bulrush (Scirpus)
Aquatic vegetation: buttonbush (Cephalanthus)
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: swamp
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water depth: shallow
Code | Comment |
---|---|
004 | May chase prey *16,22* also hover *16* |
007 | In AL, nest in May *25* |
037 | Move north after nesting season before beginning fall migration *17* |
005 | Usually forage in open areas and along edge of openings *21* |
011 | Often build nest on an old nest platform *21* occasionally nest on the ground *14* |
015 | Other nest materials include reeds, rushes, cane *14,16* |
017 | Incubation 18 days *14* in FL, average incubation 22.4 days *21* |
018 | Clutch size 3-6 *14,22* usually 4-5 *14,21, 22,23* |
027 | Initial territory defended by male shrinks to immediate area around nest, which is defended by pair *16* |
031 | Mortality of young 62%, mostly due to starvation *21*. In VA survival from 2 weeks old to dispersal age was .8-1.0; survival after leaving colony was .25-.60 *31*. |
033 | Arrive in IL and at one Missouri nesting colony in April *15,17* leave IL in aug. and sept. *17* |
099 | Nest in colonies *14,15,16,17,21,22,23,24,25*. Often found in colonies with little blue herons *16*. Usually nest in more exposed parts of the heronry *21*. Young leave nest when 20-25 days old *22*. In VA young fledged and left colony at 53-58 days *30*. One Missouri colony was located in a pine grove surrounded by irrigation ditches *15* |
Territoriality: defends feeding territory
Territory size specified in comments(027)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Foraging strategy: stalking
Foraging strategy specified in comments(004)
Foraging sites: water
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Duration of pair bond: pair for one season
Display site: nest
Nest/den site: shrubs
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site: emergent aquatic vegetation
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials specified in comments(015)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Territoriality: defends breeding and nesting territory
Code | Comment |
---|---|
004 | May chase prey *16,22* also hover *16* |
007 | In AL, nest in May *25* |
037 | Move north after nesting season before beginning fall migration *17* |
005 | Usually forage in open areas and along edge of openings *21* |
011 | Often build nest on an old nest platform *21* occasionally nest on the ground *14* |
015 | Other nest materials include reeds, rushes, cane *14,16* |
017 | Incubation 18 days *14* in FL, average incubation 22.4 days *21* |
018 | Clutch size 3-6 *14,22* usually 4-5 *14,21, 22,23* |
027 | Initial territory defended by male shrinks to immediate area around nest, which is defended by pair *16* |
031 | Mortality of young 62%, mostly due to starvation *21*. In VA survival from 2 weeks old to dispersal age was .8-1.0; survival after leaving colony was .25-.60 *31*. |
033 | Arrive in IL and at one Missouri nesting colony in April *15,17* leave IL in aug. and sept. *17* |
099 | Nest in colonies *14,15,16,17,21,22,23,24,25*. Often found in colonies with little blue herons *16*. Usually nest in more exposed parts of the heronry *21*. Young leave nest when 20-25 days old *22*. In VA young fledged and left colony at 53-58 days *30*. One Missouri colony was located in a pine grove surrounded by irrigation ditches *15* |
References for life history: 024 , 025 , 030 , 031 , 002 , 014 , 001 , 015 , 016 , 017 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 037
Shrub/brush - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - control water levels
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - restrict human disturbance
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streambanks
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Beneficial Management References: 027 , 016 , 017 , 021 , 023
Water - application of herbicides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - control aquatic plants
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - burning marshes or wetlands
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Forest - application of herbicides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Adverse Management References: 027 , 005 , 016 , 017 , 021 , 023
Comments on Management:
Beneficial to maintain wetlands *16,17,21,23,27* in a managed wetland in northeast MO, use for foraging increased after completion of drawdowns, when mudflat exposure was great. For drawdowns initiated June 15-20, slower drawdowns (9-10 days) produced a greater response. In wetland complexes, management units should be drawn down sequentially. Maintaining a complex of seasonal wetlands, riverine sloughs and forested wetlands is beneficial. *37*.
References for Management Comments: 027 , 016 , 017 , 021 , 023
Reference Code | Citation |
---|---|
001 | Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri. |
002 | Unpb Rathert, J. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)-882-9880. |
003 | American Ornithologists Union. 1983. Checklist Of North American Birds (6th Ed.) Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. 877 Pp. |
004 | American Ornithologists Union. 1973. Thirty-Second Supplement To The A.O.U. Checklist Of North American Birds. Auk 90:411-490. |
005 | Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115. |
006 | Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2. |
007 | Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo. |
008 | Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo. |
009 | Kleen, V.M. 1976. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 30(5):961-965. |
010 | Kleen, V.M. 1979. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 33(2):181-185. |
011 | Kleen, V.M. 1979. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 33(5):775-778. |
012 | Kleen, V.M. 1975. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 29(4):858-862. |
013 | Kleen, V.M. 1974. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region, Amer. Birds 28(4):807-810. |
014 | Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp. |
015 | Peterson, C.T. 1965. An Unusual Colony Of Little Blue Herons. Wilson Bull. 77:192. |
016 | Palmer, R.S. (Ed.) 1962. Handbook Of North American Birds, Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press. New Haven and London. 567 Pp. |
017 | Graber, J.W., R.R. Graber and E.L. Kirk 1978. Illinois Birds: Ciconiiformes. IL Nat. Hist. Survey Biol. Notes No. 109. 80 Pp. |
018 | The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115. |
019 | Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp. |
020 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
021 | Jenni, D.A. 1969. A Study Of The Ecology Of Four Species Of Herons During The Breeding Season At Lake Alice, Alachua County, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 39(3):245- |
022 | Bent, A.C. 1927. Life Histories Of North American Marsh Birds. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 135. 385 Pp. |
023 | Burger, J. 1979. Resource Partitioning: Nest Site Selection In Mixed Species Colonies Of Herons, Egrets, And Ibises. Amer. Midl. Nat. 101(1):191-210. |
024 | Mccrimmon, D.A. Jr. 1978. Nest Site Characteristics Among Five Species Of Herons On The North Carolina Coast. Auk 95:267-280. |
025 | Imhoff, T.A. 1976. Alabama Birds, 2nd Ed. Univ. Of Alabama Press, University, Alabama. 445 Pp. |
026 | Telfair, R.C. Ii. 1981. Cattle Egrets, Inland Heronries, And The Availability Of Crayfish. Southwest Nat. 26(1):37-41. |
027 | Unpb Fredrickson, L.H. Univ. Of Mo Gaylord Research Lab., Puxico, Mo 63960 (573-222-3203). |
028 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 51 Pp. |
029 | Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. |
030 | Erwin, R.M., J.G. Haig, D.B. Stotts and J.S. Hatfield. 1996. Dispersal And Habitat Use By Post-Fledging Juvenile Snowy Egrets And Black-Crowned Night Herons. Wilson Bull. 108(2):342-356. |
031 | Erwin, R.M., J.G. Haig, D.B. Stotts and J.S. Hatfield. 1996. Reproductive Success, Growth And Survival Of Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax Nycticorax) And Snowy Egret (Egretta Thula) Chicks In Coastal Virginia. Auk 113(1):119-130. |
032 | Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp. |
033 | Anderson, J.T., T.C. Tacha, G.T. Muehl and D. Lobpries. 1996. Wetland Use By Waterbirds That Winter In Coastal Texas. Nat. Biol. Serv. Information and Technology Report 8. 40 Pp. |
035 | Unpb Ehrhardt, E. 1996. Abundance And Distribution Of Waterbirds On Three Habitats Of Missouri River Floodplain Following A Major Flood. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 126 Pp. |
036 | Humburg, D.D., K. Bataille, D.L. Helmers and D.A. Brunet. 1999. Wetland Ecology Studies In The Missouri River Floodplain: Evaluation Of Seasonal Habitat Use By Waterbirds On The Missouri River Floodplain Mo Dept. Conserv. Final Rept. Proj. W-13-R-53, Study 18, Job 4. 130 Pp. |
037 | Herring, G. and H.K. Herring. 2007. Novel snowy egret foraging behavior. The Wilson Journal of Ornothology 119(1): 116-117. |
038 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2011. Missouri species and communities of conservation concern checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. pp. 55. |
039 | Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C.Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz and K.Winker. 2010. 51st Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 127(3):726-744. |