Common Name: BAT, SILVER-HAIRED
Phylum: CHORDATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Order: CHIROPTERA
Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE
Genus: LASIONYCTERIS
Species: NOCTIVAGANS
Taxonomic Authority: (LE CONTE)
Taxonomy References: 001
NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
Status References: 034 , 005 , 033
"Occur in wooded areas adjacent to watercourses. Use snags or den trees greater than 9\" dbh."
Primary Habitat: "Forest matrix"
References: 002 , 006 , 007 , 008
"Occurs in Missouri during spring and fall, probably occurs during winter, no evidence that breeding occurs in Missouri *02*."
Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADAIR | ANDREW | ||||
BARTON | ATCHISON | ||||
CRAWFORD | AUDRAIN | ||||
NODAWAY | BARRY | ||||
OZARK | BATES | ||||
SHANNON | BENTON | ||||
ST. LOUIS | BOLLINGER | ||||
WASHINGTON | BOONE | ||||
WAYNE | BUCHANAN | ||||
BUTLER | |||||
CALDWELL | |||||
CALLAWAY | |||||
CAMDEN | |||||
CAPE GIRARDEAU | |||||
CARROLL | |||||
CARTER | |||||
CASS | |||||
CEDAR | |||||
CHARITON | |||||
CHRISTIAN | |||||
CLARK | |||||
CLAY | |||||
CLINTON | |||||
COLE | |||||
COOPER | |||||
DADE | |||||
DALLAS | |||||
DAVIESS | |||||
DEKALB | |||||
DENT | |||||
DOUGLAS | |||||
DUNKLIN | |||||
FRANKLIN | |||||
GASCONADE | |||||
GENTRY | |||||
GREENE | |||||
GRUNDY | |||||
HARRISON | |||||
HENRY | |||||
HICKORY | |||||
HOLT | |||||
HOWARD | |||||
HOWELL | |||||
IRON | |||||
JACKSON | |||||
JASPER | |||||
JEFFERSON | |||||
JOHNSON | |||||
KNOX | |||||
LACLEDE | |||||
LAFAYETTE | |||||
LAWRENCE | |||||
LEWIS | |||||
LINCOLN | |||||
LINN | |||||
LIVINGSTON | |||||
MACON | |||||
MADISON | |||||
MARIES | |||||
MARION | |||||
MCDONALD | |||||
MERCER | |||||
MILLER | |||||
MISSISSIPPI | |||||
MONITEAU | |||||
MONROE | |||||
MONTGOMERY | |||||
MORGAN | |||||
NEW MADRID | |||||
NEWTON | |||||
OREGON | |||||
OSAGE | |||||
PEMISCOT | |||||
PERRY | |||||
PETTIS | |||||
PHELPS | |||||
PIKE | |||||
PLATTE | |||||
POLK | |||||
PULASKI | |||||
PUTNAM | |||||
RALLS | |||||
RANDOLPH | |||||
RAY | |||||
REYNOLDS | |||||
RIPLEY | |||||
SALINE | |||||
SCHUYLER | |||||
SCOTLAND | |||||
SCOTT | |||||
SHELBY | |||||
ST. CHARLES | |||||
ST. CLAIR | |||||
ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
STE. GENEVIEVE | |||||
STODDARD | |||||
STONE | |||||
SULLIVAN | |||||
TANEY | |||||
TEXAS | |||||
VERNON | |||||
WARREN | |||||
WEBSTER | |||||
WORTH | |||||
WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 001 , 002 , 017 , 018 , 019 , 020 , 025 , 030 , 031 , 032
Wyaconda R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
Nodaway R.
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Pomme De Terre R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
North Fork White R.
Current R.
Eleven Point R.
Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence. No reproduction known in mo.*20*"
Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains
Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.
References for Aquatic Associations:
Mature Shortleaf Pine (open understory)
Shortleaf Pine Old Growth
Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Mature Shortleaf Pine (dense understory)
Cereal Grain
Mature Oak-Hickory (9" + dbh, open understory)
Mature Oak-Hickory: (9" + dbh, dense understory)
Oak-Hickory Old Growth
References for Habitat Types: 003
Forest
Upland forest
Dry Forest
Dry-Mesic Forest
Mesic Forest
Upland Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Upland Chert Forest
Dry Chert Forest
Dry-Mesic Chert Forest
Upland Sandstone Forest
Dry Sandstone Forest
Dry-Mesic Sandstone Forest
Mesic Sandstone Forest
Upland Sand Forest
Dry Sand Forest
Dry-Mesic Sand Forest
Mesic Sand Forest
Upland Igneous Forest
Dry Igneous Forest
Dry-Mesic Igneous Forest
Mesic Igneous Forest
Bottomland Forest
Dry-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Flatwoods
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 002 , 003 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 020
"Carnivore"
Comments for larval food habits:
""
References for larval food habits:
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""
References Juvenile Food Habits 020
Hemiptera (water bugs, water boatmen, stink bugs); Not Specified
Homoptera (cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scale insects); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Insects
Insects; Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Isoptera (termites); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Adult Stage
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 009 , 010
References for egg niches requirements:
References for feeding larvae niche requirements:
References for resting Larvae niche requirements:
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Edge: woodland/water edge
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 008
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Diseased/decaying trees or plants specified in comments(00470)
Human association specified in comments(00690)
References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 008
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Trees with dead limbs
Tree cavities specified in comments(00490)
Tree cavities
Snags specified in comments(00510)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 002 , 011 , 021 , 026 , 027
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Edge: woodland/water edge
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Forest openings specified in comments(00377)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Agricultural crops: small grains
References for feeding adult niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 008 , 020 , 028 , 029
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Edge: woodland/water edge
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Forest openings specified in comments(00377)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Agricultural crops: small grains
References for resting adult niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 008 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028
Agricultural crops: small grains
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Diseased/decaying trees or plants specified in comments(00470)
Edge: woodland/water edge
Forest openings specified in comments(00377)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Height of understory specified in comments(00610)
Human association specified in comments(00690)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: bottomland
Natural features: cliffs, ledges
Natural features: rock shelters or crevices
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Snags specified in comments(00510)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Tree cavities
Tree cavities specified in comments(00490)
Trees with dead limbs
Code | Comment |
---|---|
018 | 1-2 young. *02*. Usually 2 young in WI and IA *08,13* |
002 | Occurs spring, fall, and probably winter, no evidence that it breeds here *02*. Southernmost breeding colony reported from midwest was located 32.5 miles north of MO line in southwest IA *11* |
005 | Often forages over water *02,07,08* |
006 | Will forage up to 40' or more above ground in m0 *02*. In NM, found to be between, within, and below-canopy forager. *12* |
031 | Highest mortality occurs first few weeks of life *02*. Heavy losses may occur 1st winter, as juveniles don't store fat as well as adults *02* |
033 | Generally migratory, southern part range in fall, northern part in spring, some may stay north and hibernate in buildings *02*. In WI, leaves around October 1 and returns April/May *08* |
035 | Predators include: minks, raccoon, cats, rats, raptors, and snakes. Humans often destroy bats. Mites, ticks, and fleas are common parasites. Heavy storms and strong wind can be adverse *02* |
099 | Lactation lasts about 36 days in IA *13*. Young can fly at 3-4 weeks *02*. Young cling to mother's breast until about 3 weeks old *08*. Will hibernate in buildings, rock crevices, and under bark of trees *07*. In IA, forages in 2 distinct periods: 3-4 hours after sunset, and 6-8 hours after sunset *15*. In warm months bats often select night roosts near foraging areas. These most utilized when young-of-year weaned *15*. In or, used more than 1 summer roost and changed roosts frequently. Tended to remain in the same drainage; average distance between roosts .12 km *26*. In British Columbia, average maternity colony size was 12 *27*. |
007 | In WI, young born late June/early July *08*. In IA, pregnant females captured as late as June 21, median parturition date: June 16. *13*. Mate-late August/September *02*. Copulation started late September in NM study, may continue during winter and spring *14* |
017 | Gestation about 50-60 days after ovulation and fertilization in nm. *14* |
022 | Apparently, most mature during first summer in NM *14* |
024 | Adult males noted only in early June and early September in IA, ratio at this time: 5 adult females to 1 adult male. *13*. Young sex ratio in IA - 1:1 *13*. Evidence suggests that adult females remain in IA throughout warm mos. To rear young, while adult males occur only as they migrate in spring and late summer/fall *13* |
030 | Reduced activity-evident during spring and fall in IA *15* |
Periodicity: active at night
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
seasonal distribution specified in comments(002)
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging strategy: flycatching
Foraging sites: air
Foraging sites: leaves of tree
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Nest/den site: secondary cavity (uses existing cavity)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: female
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Sex ratio specified in comments(024)
Code | Comment |
---|---|
018 | 1-2 young. *02*. Usually 2 young in WI and IA *08,13* |
002 | Occurs spring, fall, and probably winter, no evidence that it breeds here *02*. Southernmost breeding colony reported from midwest was located 32.5 miles north of MO line in southwest IA *11* |
005 | Often forages over water *02,07,08* |
006 | Will forage up to 40' or more above ground in m0 *02*. In NM, found to be between, within, and below-canopy forager. *12* |
031 | Highest mortality occurs first few weeks of life *02*. Heavy losses may occur 1st winter, as juveniles don't store fat as well as adults *02* |
033 | Generally migratory, southern part range in fall, northern part in spring, some may stay north and hibernate in buildings *02*. In WI, leaves around October 1 and returns April/May *08* |
035 | Predators include: minks, raccoon, cats, rats, raptors, and snakes. Humans often destroy bats. Mites, ticks, and fleas are common parasites. Heavy storms and strong wind can be adverse *02* |
099 | Lactation lasts about 36 days in IA *13*. Young can fly at 3-4 weeks *02*. Young cling to mother's breast until about 3 weeks old *08*. Will hibernate in buildings, rock crevices, and under bark of trees *07*. In IA, forages in 2 distinct periods: 3-4 hours after sunset, and 6-8 hours after sunset *15*. In warm months bats often select night roosts near foraging areas. These most utilized when young-of-year weaned *15*. In or, used more than 1 summer roost and changed roosts frequently. Tended to remain in the same drainage; average distance between roosts .12 km *26*. In British Columbia, average maternity colony size was 12 *27*. |
007 | In WI, young born late June/early July *08*. In IA, pregnant females captured as late as June 21, median parturition date: June 16. *13*. Mate-late August/September *02*. Copulation started late September in NM study, may continue during winter and spring *14* |
017 | Gestation about 50-60 days after ovulation and fertilization in nm. *14* |
022 | Apparently, most mature during first summer in NM *14* |
024 | Adult males noted only in early June and early September in IA, ratio at this time: 5 adult females to 1 adult male. *13*. Young sex ratio in IA - 1:1 *13*. Evidence suggests that adult females remain in IA throughout warm mos. To rear young, while adult males occur only as they migrate in spring and late summer/fall *13* |
030 | Reduced activity-evident during spring and fall in IA *15* |
References for life history: 002 , 007 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 015 , 021 , 026 , 027
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - restrict human disturbance
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Beneficial Management References: 002 , 016 , 020
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Adverse Management References: 016
Comments on Management:
Important to educate public so people are convinced that bats are worth protecting. Some beneficial practices: signs at caves with interpretive messages, naturalists working at parks and natural areas, school programs, and brochures *16*. Recruitment and retention of snags to provide roost sites, and maintenance of structural complexity in forests are beneficial *23*. Beneficial to retain large trees when planning timber sales and tsi *26*. Selection harvest may be more suitable than clearcutting. Selective removal of understory and periodic low intensity burning of selectively harvested stands is beneficial *27*. In or, use of riparian habitat (alder/maple) was higher in areas that had been logged *29*.
References for Management Comments: 016 , 023 , 026 , 027 , 029
Reference Code | Citation |
---|---|
001 | Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals Of North America, 2nd Ed. John Wiley And Sons, Inc. New York. 1181pp. |
002 | Schwartz, C.W. and E.R. Schwartz. 1981. The Wild Mammals Of Missouri 2nd Ed. Univ. Of Missouri Press And Mo Dept. Of Conservation, Columbia, Mo. 356 Pp. |
003 | Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp. |
004 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
005 | The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115. |
006 | Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis. 1969. Bats Of America. Univ. Press Of Kentucky. Lexington. 285 Pp. |
007 | Kunz, T.H. and D.A. Schlitter. 1968. An Annotated Checklist Of Bats From Iowa. Trans. Ks Acad. Sci. 71(2):166-175. |
008 | Jackson, H.H.T. 1961. Mammals Of Wisconsin. The Univ. Of Wisconsin Press. Madison. 504pp. |
009 | Whitaker, J.O., Jr., C. Maser, and S.P. Cross. 1981. Foods Of Oregon Silver-Haired Bats, Lasionycteris Noctivagans. Nw Sci. 55(1):75-77. |
010 | Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1972. Food Habits Of Bats From Indiana. Can. J. Zool. 50:877-883. |
011 | Easterla, D.A. and L.C. Watkins. 1970. Breeding Of Lasionycteris Noctivagans And Nycticeiushumeralis In Southwestern Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 84(1):254-255. |
012 | Black, H.L. 1974. A North Temperate Bat Community: Structure And Prey Populations. J. Mammal. 55(1):138-157. |
013 | Kunz, T.H. 1971. Reproduction Of Some Vespertilionid Bats In Central Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 86(2):477-486. |
014 | Unpb Druecker, J.S. 1972. Aspects Of Reproduction In Myotis Volans, Lasionycteris Noctivagans, And Lasiurus Cinereus. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Of New Mexico. 70pp. |
015 | Kunz, T.H. 1973. Resource Utilization: Temporal And Spatial Components Of Bat Activity In Central Iowa. J. Mammal. 54(1):14-32. |
016 | Laval, R.K. and M.L. Laval. 1980. Ecological Studies And Management Of Missouri Bats, With Emphasis On Cave Dwelling Species. Mo. Dept. Of Conserv. Terr. Ser. #8. 53 Pp. |
017 | Unpb Elder, W.H. Collection Records. 112 Stephens Hall. Umc. Columbia, Mo 65211. (573)882-3436. |
018 | Unpb Clawson, R. (Laval Field Notes) Mo Dept. Conserv. 1110 S. College Ave. Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)882-9880. |
019 | Unpb Easterla, D. Biol. Dept. Nw Mo St. Univ. Maryville, Mo 64468. |
020 | Unpb Clawson, R. Mo Dept. Conserv. 1110 S. College Ave. Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)882-9880. |
021 | Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp. |
022 | Barclay, R.M.R, P.A. Faure, and D.R. Farr. 1988. Roosting Behavior And Roost Selection By Migrating Silver-Haired Bats (Lasionycteris Noctivagans). J. Mammal. 69(4):821-825. |
023 | Campbell, L.A., J.G. Hallett and M.A. O'Connell. 1996. Conservation Of Bats In Managed Forests: Use Of Roosts By Lasionycteris Noctivagans. J. Mammal. 77(4):976-984. |
024 | Unpb Murray, D.K. 1991. Mammals Of The Ozark National Scenic Riverways. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 457 Pp. |
025 | Gardner, J.E. and J.B. Taft. 1983. Cave Resources Of Ozark National Scenic Riverways - An Inventory And Evaluation. Nat. Park Serv. Scenic Riverways, Van Buren, Missouri. 84 Pp. (Cited In Ref. 24) |
026 | Betts, B.J. 1996. Roosting Behavior Of Silver-Haired Bats (Lasionycteris Noctivagans) And Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus Fuscus) In Northeast Oregon. Pp. 55-61 In Barclay, R.M.R and R.M. Brigham, Eds. 1996. Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia. Canada Res. Br, B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp. |
027 | Roost-Site Preferences Of Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus Fuscus) And Silver-Haired Bats (Lasionycteris Noctivagans) In The Pend D'Orielle Valley In Southern British Columbia. Pp. 55-61 In Barclay, R.M.R and R.M. Brigham, Eds. 1996. Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia. Canada Res. Br, B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp. |
028 | Marcot, B.G. 1996. An Ecosystem Context For Bat Management: A Case Study Of The Interior Columbia River Basin, U.S.A. Pp 19-36 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp. |
029 | Jung, T.S., I.D. Thompson, R.D. Titman and A.P. Applejohn. 1999. Habitat Selection By Forest Bats In Relation To Mixed-Wood Stand Types And Structure In Central Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 63(4):1306 |
030 | Unpb Mccarty, K. 1997 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115. |
031 | Unpb Derting, T. 1999 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115. |
032 | Lynn W. Robbins. 2005. Personal communication. Prairie State Park, Barton County. |
033 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2010. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 53 Pp. |
034 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp. 52. |