Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: BAT, LITTLE BROWN

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: MAMMALIA

Order: CHIROPTERA

Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE

Genus: MYOTIS

Species: LUCIFUGUS

SubSpecies: LUCIFUGUS

Taxonomic Authority: (LE CONTE)

Taxonomy References: 001 , 002

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S2

Status References: 004 , 040

Habitat Summary

"Inhabit caves during winter. In summer use snags or den trees 9-36\" dbh. Forage over water and along watercourses."

Primary Habitat: "Habitat generalist"

References: 002 , 003

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Statewide occurrence *01,02*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
BARRY ADAIR
BOLLINGER ANDREW
BOONE ATCHISON
BUCHANAN AUDRAIN
BUTLER BARTON
CAMDEN BATES
CAPE GIRARDEAU BENTON
CARTER CALDWELL
CHRISTIAN CALLAWAY
CRAWFORD CARROLL
DENT CASS
DOUGLAS CEDAR
FRANKLIN CHARITON
GREENE CLARK
HOWELL CLAY
IRON CLINTON
JEFFERSON COLE
KNOX COOPER
LEWIS DADE
LINN DALLAS
MADISON DAVIESS
MCDONALD DEKALB
MILLER DUNKLIN
MISSISSIPPI GASCONADE
MONTGOMERY GENTRY
MORGAN GRUNDY
OREGON HARRISON
OZARK HENRY
PHELPS HICKORY
PULASKI HOLT
RALLS HOWARD
REYNOLDS JACKSON
SHANNON JASPER
STODDARD JOHNSON
STONE LACLEDE
TEXAS LAFAYETTE
WASHINGTON LAWRENCE
WRIGHT LINCOLN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MARIES
MARION
MERCER
MONITEAU
MONROE
NEW MADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OSAGE
PEMISCOT
PERRY
PETTIS
PIKE
PLATTE
POLK
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RAY
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SCOTT
SHELBY
ST. CHARLES
ST. CLAIR
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
VERNON
WARREN
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORTH

References for distribution: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 032 , 033 , 035 , 036 , 001 , 002 , 037 , 009

Distribution by Watersheds

Wyaconda R.
North Fabius R. and Middle Fabius R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Pomme De Terre R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"See Comments"
"Lacustrine"
"Riverine"

References for Aquatic Associations: 002

Habitat Types:

Shortleaf Pine Reproduction (0-3" dbh)
Mature Shortleaf Pine (open understory)
Shortleaf Pine Old Growth
Limestone Glade
Limestone Bluff and Cave
Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Permanent Stream
Mature Shortleaf Pine (dense understory)
Cereal Grain
Perennial Grass (Warm season)
Perennial Grass (cool-season)
Shrub-Grass
Fruiting Tree-Shrub
Eastern Red Cedar (70% + crown closure)
Eastern Red Cedar (30-70% crown closure)
Savanna (Shrub-Fruiting Tree)
Savanna (Grass-Shrub)
Edge (Forest-Field)
Legumes (Tame)
Oak-Hickory Regeneration (0-3 years)
Oak-Hickory Regeneration: (3-10 years)
Immature Hardwoods (Poles/Saplings, 3-9" dbh)
Mature Oak-Hickory (9" + dbh, open understory)
Mature Oak-Hickory: (9" + dbh, dense understory)
Oak-Hickory Old Growth

References for Habitat Types: 002 , 005 , 007 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Upland forest
Dry Forest
Dry-Mesic Forest
Mesic Forest
Upland Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Upland Chert Forest
Dry Chert Forest
Dry-Mesic Chert Forest
Upland Sandstone Forest
Dry Sandstone Forest
Dry-Mesic Sandstone Forest
Mesic Sandstone Forest
Upland Sand Forest
Dry Sand Forest
Dry-Mesic Sand Forest
Mesic Sand Forest
Upland Igneous Forest
Dry Igneous Forest
Dry-Mesic Igneous Forest
Mesic Igneous Forest
Bottomland Forest
Dry-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Flatwoods
Savanna
Limestone/Dolomite Savanna
Chert Savanna
Sandstone Savanna
Sand Savanna
Igneous Savanna
Prairie
Dry Prairie
Dry-Mesic Prairie
Mesic Prairie
Wet-Mesic Prairie
Wet Prairie
Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Chert Prairie
Dry-Mesic Chert Prairie
Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Dry-Mesic Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Sand Prairie
Dry-Mesic Sand Prairie
Hardpan Prairie
Primary
Glade
Limestone Glade
Dolomite Glade
Chert Glade
Sandstone Glade
Shale Glade
Igneous Glade
Cliff
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Cliff
Moist Limestone/Dolomite Cliff
Dry Sandstone Cliff
Moist Sandstone Cliff
Dry Chert Cliff
Moist Chert Cliff
Dry Igneous Cliff
Moist Igneous Cliff
Caves
Effluent Cave
Influent Cave
Wet Pit Cave
Dry Pit Cave
Dry Cave

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 025 , 002 , 005 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 003

Adult Food Habits

Homoptera (cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scale insects); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Trichoptera (caddisflies); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Ephemeroptera (mayflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Plecoptera (stoneflies); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 002 , 007 , 008 , 009

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: woodland/water edge
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: farm ponds

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 009 , 011 , 013

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 002 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Natural features: cliffs, ledges
Natural features: caves, dry
Natural features: caves, wet
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Tree cavities: cavities in live trees
Tree cavities: cavities in dead/dying trees
Number of snags specified in comments(00500)
Snags specified in comments(00510)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Human association: houses
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association specified in comments(00690)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 024 , 027 , 028 , 002 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: farm ponds

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 026 , 027 , 034 , 002 , 003 , 007 , 009 , 011 , 013

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: farm ponds

References for resting adult niche requirements: 025 , 026 , 027 , 029 , 031 , 002 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops: small grains
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/water edge
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Human association specified in comments(00690)
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: farm ponds
Human association: houses
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Natural features: caves, dry
Natural features: caves, wet
Natural features: cliffs, ledges
Number of snags specified in comments(00500)
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Snags
Snags specified in comments(00510)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: climax grassland
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Tree cavities: cavities in dead/dying trees
Tree cavities: cavities in live trees

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
099 Adult males tend to be solitary or in colonies up to 20 during summer *02*. Both sexes may roost in trees after nursery colonies break up *02*. Begin hibernation during October in MO *02*. May start in September in areas with cooler climates *13*. Females generally begin hibernating before males and generally come out of hibernation before males in spring *02*. During hibernation individuals hang alone or in clusters of 5-50 or more *02,13*. May awake periodically during hibernation and move around then settle back in same spot *02*. Young are born mid June, some in May *02*, May - September *15*, June 13 - July 14 in NY *12*, May 23 - July 14, most between June 22 - July 5 *18*. Young open eyes about 2nd day and wean at about 6 weeks *02*. Young fly at about 3 - 4 weeks *02,12*. Young use scent posts as guidance markers for 1st few flights *02,14*.
037 Disperse following hibernation. Disperse widely from summer spots in late summer *02*, disperse widely in summer *09*. Between early August - late October individuals gather at mouths of caves that they will later enter to hibernate *02*.
024 Sex ratio equal at birth *02,12,16,18*, sex ratio at winter caves in NY 72.5% males *12*.
031 Mortality is greatest during 1st few weeks of life. High number of young lost during 1st winter due to inadequate fat storage *02*
033 May be migratory toward wintering caves *13*, probably return to same wintering caves *09,12*.
035 Predators include minks, raccoons, cats, rats, hawks, owls, and snakes *02,13*. Parasites include mites, ticks, bat-bugs, parasitic flies, flukes, tapeworms, and fleas *02,13*.
013 Females may return to the same summer colony sites *02*.
006 Forage at 3/4 tree top height *09*. Prefer to forage at 10-20' above ground *13*.
007 Mate in fall, winter and spring *02,16, 19*, may breed during fall and some during winter *13*. In NY may mate during winter *12*. Mate during winter in eastern united states *17*.
011 Form nursery colonies in crevices of cliffs *02*, or in rock crevices *13*. In MO prefer to use buildings *09*.
017 Gestation period 50-60 days *02,13*, 60 days *17*.
018 1 young per litter *02,12,15,17*.
022 Females may mate in 1st year, males in their 2nd year *02*, males not mature until 2nd year *19*.

Life History Information

Periodicity: active at night
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: flycatching
Foraging sites: air
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Nest/den site: cavity in live tree
Nest/den site: cavity in dead or dying tree
Nest/den site: secondary cavity (uses existing cavity)
Nest/den site: under bark
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den site: cave
Nest/den site: man-made structure
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest materials: no nest structure
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: female
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Sex ratio specified in comments(024)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
099 Adult males tend to be solitary or in colonies up to 20 during summer *02*. Both sexes may roost in trees after nursery colonies break up *02*. Begin hibernation during October in MO *02*. May start in September in areas with cooler climates *13*. Females generally begin hibernating before males and generally come out of hibernation before males in spring *02*. During hibernation individuals hang alone or in clusters of 5-50 or more *02,13*. May awake periodically during hibernation and move around then settle back in same spot *02*. Young are born mid June, some in May *02*, May - September *15*, June 13 - July 14 in NY *12*, May 23 - July 14, most between June 22 - July 5 *18*. Young open eyes about 2nd day and wean at about 6 weeks *02*. Young fly at about 3 - 4 weeks *02,12*. Young use scent posts as guidance markers for 1st few flights *02,14*.
037 Disperse following hibernation. Disperse widely from summer spots in late summer *02*, disperse widely in summer *09*. Between early August - late October individuals gather at mouths of caves that they will later enter to hibernate *02*.
024 Sex ratio equal at birth *02,12,16,18*, sex ratio at winter caves in NY 72.5% males *12*.
031 Mortality is greatest during 1st few weeks of life. High number of young lost during 1st winter due to inadequate fat storage *02*
033 May be migratory toward wintering caves *13*, probably return to same wintering caves *09,12*.
035 Predators include minks, raccoons, cats, rats, hawks, owls, and snakes *02,13*. Parasites include mites, ticks, bat-bugs, parasitic flies, flukes, tapeworms, and fleas *02,13*.
013 Females may return to the same summer colony sites *02*.
006 Forage at 3/4 tree top height *09*. Prefer to forage at 10-20' above ground *13*.
007 Mate in fall, winter and spring *02,16, 19*, may breed during fall and some during winter *13*. In NY may mate during winter *12*. Mate during winter in eastern united states *17*.
011 Form nursery colonies in crevices of cliffs *02*, or in rock crevices *13*. In MO prefer to use buildings *09*.
017 Gestation period 50-60 days *02,13*, 60 days *17*.
018 1 young per litter *02,12,15,17*.
022 Females may mate in 1st year, males in their 2nd year *02*, males not mature until 2nd year *19*.

References for life history: 016 , 017 , 018 , 019 , 002 , 009 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 015 , 039

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Protect caves from human disturbance
Shrub/brush - maintain riparian habitats
Shrub/brush - retain snags/cavity trees
Urban - restrict human disturbance during migration, breeding, nesting, etc.
Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - restrict human disturbance
Agricultural - seasonal restriction of human use of habitat
Agricultural - maintain riparian habitats
Agricultural - maintain streamside vegetation
Agricultural - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - even age timber management
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Forest - retain snags/cavity trees
Grassland - maintain riparian habitats

Beneficial Management References: 002 , 003 , 009

Adverse Managment Practices:

Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Urban - application of pesticides
Urban - application of insecticides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides

Adverse Management References: 002 , 003 , 009

Comments on Management:
A NH study recommended providing summer habitat matrix of regeneration and overmature hardwoods in combination with trails and water bodies *26*. In or, logging substantially reduced the amount of activity in a riparian (alder/maple) area *30*.

References for Management Comments: 026 , 030

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals Of North America, 2nd Ed. John Wiley And Sons, Inc. New York. 1181pp.
002 Schwartz, C.W. and E.R. Schwartz. 1981. The Wild Mammals Of Missouri 2nd Ed. Univ. Of Missouri Press And Mo Dept. Of Conservation, Columbia, Mo. 356 Pp.
003 Unpb Clawson, R.L. 1981. Mo. Dept. Of Conserv. 1110 S. College Ave. Columbia, Mo. 65201 (573-882-9880)
004 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
005 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
006 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
007 Buchler, E.R. 1976. Prey Selection By Myotis Lucifugus. Am. Nat. 110(974):619-628
008 Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1972. Food Habits Of Bats From Indiana. Can. J. Zool. 50:877-883.
009 Laval, R.K. and M.L. Laval. 1980. Ecological Studies And Management Of Missouri Bats, With Emphasis On Cave Dwelling Species. Mo. Dept. Of Conserv. Terr. Ser. #8. 53 Pp.
010 Czaplewski, N.J., J.P. Farney, J.K. Jones,Jr. and D. Druecker. 1979 Synopsis Of Bats Of Nebraska. Occas. Pap. Mus. Tex. Tech. Univ. 61. 24 Pp.
011 Laval, R.K., R.L. Clawson, M.L. Laval, and W. Claire. 1977. Foraging Behavior And Nocturnal Activity Patterns Of Missouri Bats, With Emphasis On The Endangered Species Myotis Grisescens And Myotis Sodalis. J. Mammal. 58(4):592-599.
012 Griffin, D.R. 1940. Notes On The Life Histories Of New England Cave Bats. J. Mammal. 21:181-187.
013 Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis. 1969. Bats Of America. Univ. Press Of Kentucky. Lexington. 285 Pp.
014 Buchler, E.R. 1980. Evidence For The Use Of A Scent Post By Myotis Lucifugus. J. Mammal. 61(3):525-528.
015 Wunder, L.A. and D.J. Nash. 1981. Behavior Of Juvenile Myotis Lucifugus In A Summer Nursery Colony. J. Colo.- Wyo. Acad. Sci. 13(1):50-51
016 Cagle, F.R. Andl. Cockrum. 1943. Notes On A Summer Colony Of Myotis Lucifugus Lucifugus. J. Mammal. 24:474-492.
017 Wimsatt, W.A. 1945. Notes On Breeding Behavior, Pregnancy And Parturition In Some Vespertilionid Bats Of The Eastern United States J. Mammal. 26:23-33.
018 Stegem, L.C. 1954. Varitation In A Colony Of Little Brown Bats. J. Mammal. 35:111-113.
019 Miller, R.E. 1939. The Reproductive Cycle In Male Bats Of The Species Myotis Lucifugus Lucifugus And Myotis Grisescens. J. Morph. 64:267-295.
020 Unpb Elder, W.H. Collection Records. 112 Stephens Hall, Univ. Of Mo. Columbia, Mo. 65211 (573-882-3436)
021 Unpb Clawson, R.L. (Laval's Field Notes). Mo. Dept. Of Conserv. 1110 S. College Ave. Columbia, Mo. 65201 (573-882-9880)
022 Unpb Easterla, D.A. Dept. Of Biology. N.W. Mo St. Univ. Maryville, Mo 64468 (816-582-7141).
023 Unpb Gardner, G. and T. Gardner. Number 30 Rolla Gardens, Rolla, Mo 65401 (573-364-5421)
024 Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp.
025 Raesly, R.L. and J.E. Gates. 1987. Winter Habitat Selection By North Temperate Cave Bats. Amer. Midl. Nat. 118( 11):15-31.
026 Krusic, R.A., M. Yamasaki, C.D. Neefus and P.J. Pekins. 1996. Bat Habitat Use In White Mountain National Forest. J. Wildl. Manage. 60(3):625-631.
027 Marcot, B.G. 1996. An Ecosystem Context For Bat Management: A Case Study Of The Interior Columbia River Basin, U.S.A. Pp 19-36 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp.
028 Kalcounis, M.C. and K.R. Hecker. 1996. Intraspecific Variation In Roost-Site Selection By Little Brown Bats (Myotis Lucifugus). Pp 81-90 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp.
029 Perlmeter, S.I. 1996. Bats And Bridges: Patterns Of Night Roost Activity In The Willamette National Forest. Pp 132-150 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp.
030 Hayes, J.B. and M.D. Adams. 1996. The Influence Of Logging Riparian Areas On Habitat Utilization By Bats In Western Oregon. Pp 228-237 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp.
031 Perkins, J.M. 1996. Does Competition For Roosts Influence Bat Distribution In A Managed Forest? Pp. 164-172 In Barclay, R.M.R. and R.M. Brigham. (Eds.) Bats And Forest Symposium, October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work Pap. 23/1996. 292 Pp.
032 Unpb Smith, Stephanie. Big Oak Tree State Park Species Occurrence Records. Big Oak Tree State Park, East Prairie, Mo. 573-649-3149.
033 Unpb Mccarty, K. 1998 Collector's Permit Report. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102 (573-751-4115).
034 Jung, T.S., I.D. Thompson, R.D. Titman and A.P. Applejohn. 1999. Habitat Selection By Forest Bats In Relation To Mixed-Wood Stand Types And Structure In Central Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 63(4):1306
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