Common Name: EBONYSHELL
Phylum: MOLLUSCA
Class: BIVALVIA
Order: UNIONOIDA
Family: UNIONIDAE
Genus: REGINAIA
Species: EBENUS
Taxonomic Authority: (LEA)
Taxonomy References: 018 , 001
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G4G5
"Usually found in rivers with swift current and a substrate of fine gravel to cobble."
Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"
References: 013 , 003 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011
"Has been found in the Mississippi, Meramec, Osage and Little Black rivers *003*"
Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOLLINGER | ADAIR | ||||
BUTLER | ANDREW | ||||
COLE | ATCHISON | ||||
FRANKLIN | AUDRAIN | ||||
GASCONADE | BARRY | ||||
JEFFERSON | BARTON | ||||
LEWIS | BATES | ||||
MARIES | BENTON | ||||
MILLER | BOONE | ||||
MISSISSIPPI | BUCHANAN | ||||
OSAGE | CALDWELL | ||||
PIKE | CALLAWAY | ||||
PULASKI | CAMDEN | ||||
RALLS | CAPE GIRARDEAU | ||||
RIPLEY | CARROLL | ||||
ST. CHARLES | CARTER | ||||
ST. LOUIS | CASS | ||||
WAYNE | CEDAR | ||||
CHARITON | |||||
CHRISTIAN | |||||
CLARK | |||||
CLAY | |||||
CLINTON | |||||
COOPER | |||||
CRAWFORD | |||||
DADE | |||||
DALLAS | |||||
DAVIESS | |||||
DEKALB | |||||
DENT | |||||
DOUGLAS | |||||
DUNKLIN | |||||
GENTRY | |||||
GREENE | |||||
GRUNDY | |||||
HARRISON | |||||
HENRY | |||||
HICKORY | |||||
HOLT | |||||
HOWARD | |||||
HOWELL | |||||
IRON | |||||
JACKSON | |||||
JASPER | |||||
JOHNSON | |||||
KNOX | |||||
LACLEDE | |||||
LAFAYETTE | |||||
LAWRENCE | |||||
LINCOLN | |||||
LINN | |||||
LIVINGSTON | |||||
MACON | |||||
MADISON | |||||
MARION | |||||
MCDONALD | |||||
MERCER | |||||
MONITEAU | |||||
MONROE | |||||
MONTGOMERY | |||||
MORGAN | |||||
NEW MADRID | |||||
NEWTON | |||||
NODAWAY | |||||
OREGON | |||||
OZARK | |||||
PEMISCOT | |||||
PERRY | |||||
PETTIS | |||||
PHELPS | |||||
PLATTE | |||||
POLK | |||||
PUTNAM | |||||
RANDOLPH | |||||
RAY | |||||
REYNOLDS | |||||
SALINE | |||||
SCHUYLER | |||||
SCOTLAND | |||||
SCOTT | |||||
SHANNON | |||||
SHELBY | |||||
ST. CLAIR | |||||
ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
STE. GENEVIEVE | |||||
STODDARD | |||||
STONE | |||||
SULLIVAN | |||||
TANEY | |||||
TEXAS | |||||
VERNON | |||||
WARREN | |||||
WASHINGTON | |||||
WEBSTER | |||||
WORTH | |||||
WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 013 , 003 , 004 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Dardenne Creek
Meramec R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Comments: ""
Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Oak-Hickory Forest
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.
Riverine
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel",
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud",
References for Aquatic Associations: 013 , 003 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Permanent Stream
References for Habitat Types: 017 , 013 , 003 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:
"Omnivore"
Comments for larval food habits:
""
References for larval food habits:
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""
References Juvenile Food Habits
Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 012
References for egg niches requirements:
References for feeding larvae niche requirements:
References for resting Larvae niche requirements:
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:
References for resting juvenile niche requirements:
References for feeding Adult niche requirements:
References for feeding adult niche requirements:
References for resting adult niche requirements:
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Host specified in comments(00680)
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Code | Comment |
---|---|
003 | Primary fish host for glochidia is the skipjack herring *05*. Other reported hosts are green sunfish, largemouth bass, white crappie and black crappie *06*. |
020 | Eggs are fertilized and develop into glochidia in gills of female *03*. |
034 | Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of host species *03*. |
035 | Regulatory factors include predation *03*. |
037 | Depend on host for dispersal *03*. Usually detach from host at a length of 0.15mm *016*. |
022 | Sexual maturity occurs at approximately 5yrs, and first reproduction occurs at 6yrs *015*. |
007 | Reproductive period is late May to September *05*. |
031 | Nearly all mortality occurs very early in the lifespan; extremely high fecundity is required to balance mortality of glochidia and settling juveniles *016*. |
041 | High fecundity is required to balance high mortality early in lifestage *016*. |
039 | Annual growth increment is approximately 8mm given favorable conditions *015*. |
099 | Life span is approximately 11-18 years *015*. |
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Length-weight relationships specified in comments(039)
Fecundity specified in comments(041)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: water
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Duration of pair bond: no pair bond formed
Development of young at birth/hatching specified in comments(020)
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Code | Comment |
---|---|
003 | Primary fish host for glochidia is the skipjack herring *05*. Other reported hosts are green sunfish, largemouth bass, white crappie and black crappie *06*. |
020 | Eggs are fertilized and develop into glochidia in gills of female *03*. |
034 | Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of host species *03*. |
035 | Regulatory factors include predation *03*. |
037 | Depend on host for dispersal *03*. Usually detach from host at a length of 0.15mm *016*. |
022 | Sexual maturity occurs at approximately 5yrs, and first reproduction occurs at 6yrs *015*. |
007 | Reproductive period is late May to September *05*. |
031 | Nearly all mortality occurs very early in the lifespan; extremely high fecundity is required to balance mortality of glochidia and settling juveniles *016*. |
041 | High fecundity is required to balance high mortality early in lifestage *016*. |
039 | Annual growth increment is approximately 8mm given favorable conditions *015*. |
099 | Life span is approximately 11-18 years *015*. |
References for life history: 013 , 015 , 016 , 003 , 005 , 006 , 007
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - other (specify in comments)
Agricultural - maintain streambanks
Agricultural - maintain streamside vegetation
Beneficial Management References: 013 , 014
Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - other (specify in comments)
Adverse Management References: 013 , 014
Comments on Management:
No work should be allowed below the high bank of the stream between April 1 and August 30, to allow for successful reproduction and recruitment. Take precautions to prevent spread of zebra mussels *013*. The construction of Lock and Dam 19 in the upper Mississppi River inhibits F. ebena from recolonizing the Mississippi above the dam by preventing its migratory host fish from moving upstream. Conservation efforts should focus on artificial propagation and dam modifications that allow the passage of migratory fishes *014*. In TN, after 2 years, had 100% tag retention of coded wire tags (magnetized double-length CWT) that was inserted into the hingle ligament *017*.
References for Management Comments: 017 , 013 , 014
Reference Code | Citation |
---|---|
001 | Williams, J.D., A.E. Bogan, R.S. Butler, K.S. Cummings, J.T. Garner, J.L. Harris, N.A. Johnson and G.T. Watters. 2017. A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20:33-58. |
002 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2018. Missouri Species and communities of conservation concern checklist. MO Dept. of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp.56. |
003 | Oesch, R.D. 1995. Missouri Naiades. A Guide To The Mussels Of Missouri. Second Edition. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 271 Pp. |
004 | Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. |
005 | Baker, F.C. 1928. The fresh-water mollusca of Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda. Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. 70, II. WI Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Gen. Ser. 1301, 495 pp. (cited in ref. 001) |
006 | Fuller, S.L.H. 1978. Fresh-water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Upper Mississippi River: Observations at selected sites within the 9-foot channel navigation project on behalf of the Unites States Army Corps of Engineers. Acad. Nat. Sciences. Philadelphia, PA. 401 pp. (cited in ref. 003). |
007 | Brynildson, I. 1985. Freshwater mussels of the Upper Mississippi River. Wisc. Dept. Nat. Resources. 63 pp. |
008 | Buchanan, A. C. 1980. Mussels (naiades) of the Meramec River Basin. Missouri Dept. of Conservation Aquatic Ser. No. 17. Jefferson City, MO. 76 pp. |
009 | Unpb Grace, T.B. and A.C. Buchanan. 1981. Naiades (Mussels) Of The Lower Osage River, Tavern Creek, And Maries River, Missouri. Mo Dept Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880). 147pp. |
010 | Buchanan, A.C. 1979. Mussels (Naides) Of The Little Black River Basin In Missouri And Arkansas. United States Dept. Of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Columbia, Missouri. 69 Pp. |
011 | Unpb Bruenderman, S. Mussel Occurrence Database. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880). |
012 | Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139. |
013 | Missouri Department of Conservation. Best Management Practices: Ebony shell. Missouri Dept. of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. |
014 | Kelner, D.E. and B.E. Stietman. 2000. Relic populations of the Ebony Shell, Fusconaia ebena (Bivalva: Unionidae), in the Upper Mississippi River Drainage. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 15(3): 371-377. |
015 | Payne, B.S. and A.C. Miller. 1988. Growth and survival of recent recruits to a population of Fusconaia ebena (Bivalva: Unionidae) in the Lower Ohio River. American Midland Naturalist 121: 99-104. |
016 | Payne, B.S. and A.C. Miller. 2000. Recruitment of Fusconaia ebena (Bivalva: Unionidae) in relation to discharge of the Lower Ohio River. American Midland Naturalist 144: 328-341. |
017 | Layzer, J.B. and J.R. Heinricher. 2004. Coded wire tag retention in ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24(1): 228-230. |
018 | Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf. |