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Taxonomy

Common Name: PURPLE LILLIPUT

Phylum: MOLLUSCA

Class: BIVALVIA

Order: UNIONOIDA

Family: UNIONIDAE

Genus: TOXOLASMA

Species: LIVIDUM

Taxonomic Authority: (RAFINESQUE)

Taxonomy References: 016 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 002 , 015

Status

STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G2

Status References: 003 , 001 , 015

Habitat Summary

"Lakes and small to medium sized streams and overflow waters, in gravel."

Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"

References: 005 , 007 , 002

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Is widely scattered throughout the Ozarks *07*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
BARRY		ADAIR
BOLLINGER		ANDREW
BUTLER		ATCHISON
CHRISTIAN		AUDRAIN
DOUGLAS		BARTON
GREENE		BATES
JASPER		BENTON
MADISON		BOONE
MCDONALD		BUCHANAN
NEWTON		CALDWELL
OREGON		CALLAWAY
RIPLEY		CAMDEN
SHANNON		CAPE GIRARDEAU
ST. FRANCOIS		CARROLL
STONE		CARTER
TANEY		CASS
WAYNE		CEDAR
WEBSTER		CHARITON
		CLARK
		CLAY
		CLINTON
		COLE
		COOPER
		CRAWFORD
		DADE
		DALLAS
		DAVIESS
		DEKALB
		DENT
		DUNKLIN
		FRANKLIN
		GASCONADE
		GENTRY
		GRUNDY
		HARRISON
		HENRY
		HICKORY
		HOLT
		HOWARD
		HOWELL
		IRON
		JACKSON
		JEFFERSON
		JOHNSON
		KNOX
		LACLEDE
		LAFAYETTE
		LAWRENCE
		LEWIS
		LINCOLN
		LINN
		LIVINGSTON
		MACON
		MARIES
		MARION
		MERCER
		MILLER
		MISSISSIPPI
		MONITEAU
		MONROE
		MONTGOMERY
		MORGAN
		NEW MADRID
		NODAWAY
		OSAGE
		OZARK
		PEMISCOT
		PERRY
		PETTIS
		PHELPS
		PIKE
		PLATTE
		POLK
		PULASKI
		PUTNAM
		RALLS
		RANDOLPH
		RAY
		REYNOLDS
		SALINE
		SCHUYLER
		SCOTLAND
		SCOTT
		SHELBY
		ST. CHARLES
		ST. CLAIR
		ST. LOUIS
		STE. GENEVIEVE
		STODDARD
		SULLIVAN
		TEXAS
		VERNON
		WARREN
		WASHINGTON
		WORTH
		WRIGHT

References for distribution: 005 , 007 , 012

Distribution by Watersheds

Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Current R.
Fourche Creek
Eleven Point R.
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Lacustrine, littoral", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Rock bottom, boulder"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Riverine, unknown perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand",

References for Aquatic Associations: 005 , 007 , 002

Habitat Types:

Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 005 , 007 , 002

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 011

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 005

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Siltation: low
Siltation specified in comments(00050)
prefers clean water habitats, tolerateS infrequent periods of low d.o. if ph and temp. unaltered (saproxenous)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Gradient: low
Gradient: high
Current velocity: no noticable current
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Stream order: first order stream
Stream order specified in comments(00260)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features specified in comments(00280)

References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 005

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for resting juvenile niche requirements:

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Siltation: low
prefers clean water habitats, tolerateS infrequent periods of low d.o. if ph and temp. unaltered (saproxenous)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Gradient: low
Gradient: high
Current velocity: no noticable current
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Stream order: first order stream
Stream order specified in comments(00260)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features specified in comments(00280)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 005 , 007 , 008 , 010 , 002

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 005 , 007 , 008 , 010 , 002

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity: no noticable current
Gradient: high
Gradient: low
Host specified in comments(00680)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: riffles
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
prefers clean water habitats, tolerateS infrequent periods of low d.o. if ph and temp. unaltered (saproxenous)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Siltation specified in comments(00050)
Siltation: low
Stream order specified in comments(00260)
Stream order: first order stream
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water depth: shallow

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
003	Lepomis cyanellus and lepomis megalotis are glochidial hosts 09.
007	Gravid females have been reported May-June. Is generally a long-term brooder. 07.
018	Some populations in michigan function as short-term brooders and produce multiple broods per year 04.
037	Adults are considered sessile. Passive downstream movement may occur when mussels are displaced from the substrate during floods. Dispersal of larvae occurs when glochidia are on their hosts 07.

Life History Information

Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: feed on bottom of stream, lake or pond
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
003	Lepomis cyanellus and lepomis megalotis are glochidial hosts 09.
007	Gravid females have been reported May-June. Is generally a long-term brooder. 07.
018	Some populations in michigan function as short-term brooders and produce multiple broods per year 04.
037	Adults are considered sessile. Passive downstream movement may occur when mussels are displaced from the substrate during floods. Dispersal of larvae occurs when glochidia are on their hosts 07.

References for life history: 003 , 004 , 007 , 009

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - exclude livestock from water
Water - other (specify in comments)

Beneficial Management References: 003 , 007

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - other (specify in comments)

Adverse Management References: 003 , 007

Comments on Management:
Beneficial: upgrade water quality. Monitor/regulate land use upstream to prevent siltation *03*. Avoid dredging, impoundment, and channel modifications for sand and gravel. Monitor construction, mining and agricultural activities in stream watersheds to control siltation and acid runoff to streams *03,07*. Adverse: directly threatened by natural or man-made forces. sensitive to pollution, siltation, habitat destruction, flooding, loss of glochidial hosts, impoundments *03,05*. impacted by chemical and organic pollution, siltation from agriculture and clear-cutting, and acid coal mine run-off *03*.

References for Management Comments: 003 , 007

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2001. Missouri Species Of Conservation Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. Xi + 28 Pp.
002	Illinois Natural History Survey. 1997. Toxolasma Lividus (Rafinesque, 1831) Purple Lilliput. Http://Www.Inhs.Uiuc.Edu/Cbd/Musselmanual/ Page132_3.Html 2 November 2000.
003	Natureserve: An Online Encyclopedia Of Life [Web Application]. 2000. Version 1.0. Arlington (Va): Association For Biodiversity Information. Available: Http://Www.Natureserve.Org/. (Accessed: November 7, 2000).
004	Hoeh. Personal Communication Cited In (03).
005	Oesch, R.D. 1995. Missouri Naiades. A Guide To The Mussels Of Missouri. Second Edition. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 271 Pp.
006	Williams, J.D., A.E. Bogan, R.S. Butler, K.S. Cummings, J.T. Garner, J.L. Harris, N.A. Johnson and G.T. Watters. 2017. A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20:33-58.
007	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
008	Gordon, M.E. and J.B. Layzer. 1989. Mussels (Bibalvia: Unionoidea) Of The Cumberland River Review Of Life Histories And Ecological Relationships. Biological Report 89(15): 1-99. As Cited In (06).
009	Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1993. Mussel Habitat Suitability And Impact Analysis Of The Tippecanoe River. Final Report. Prepared For Indiana Department Of Natural Resources And The U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Vol. 1. 102 Pp. + Appendices.
010	Obermeyer, B.K., D.W. Edds, C.W. Prophet And E.J. Miller. 1997. Freshwater Mussels (Bivalva:Unionidae) In The Verdigris, Neosho And Spring River Basins Of Kansas And Missouri, With Emphasis On Species Of Special Concern. American Malacological Bulletin. 14: 41-55.
011	Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139.
012	Unpb Bruenderman, S. Mussel Occurrence Database. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
013	Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115)
014	Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement.
015	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp. 52.
016	Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf.