Common Name: PEARLYMUSSEL, CURTIS
Phylum: MOLLUSCA
Class: BIVALVIA
Order: UNIONOIDA
Family: UNIONIDAE
Genus: EPIOBLASMA
Species: CURTISI
Taxonomic Authority: (UTTERBACK)
Taxonomy References: 015 , 002
FEDERAL ENDANGERED
INDICATOR
NONGAME
SENSITIVE
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G1T1
Status References: 001 , 003 , 004 , 009 , 010 , 011
"Inhabit creeks and streams with shallow (less than 36 inches) flowing water and a stable substrate."
Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"
References: 001
"Occurs in the Black, castor, and Little Black rivers and in Cane Creek *01,06 08,09*."
Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOLLINGER | ADAIR | ||||
BUTLER | ANDREW | ||||
RIPLEY | ATCHISON | ||||
WAYNE | AUDRAIN | ||||
BARRY | |||||
BARTON | |||||
BATES | |||||
BENTON | |||||
BOONE | |||||
BUCHANAN | |||||
CALDWELL | |||||
CALLAWAY | |||||
CAMDEN | |||||
CAPE GIRARDEAU | |||||
CARROLL | |||||
CARTER | |||||
CASS | |||||
CEDAR | |||||
CHARITON | |||||
CHRISTIAN | |||||
CLARK | |||||
CLAY | |||||
CLINTON | |||||
COLE | |||||
COOPER | |||||
CRAWFORD | |||||
DADE | |||||
DALLAS | |||||
DAVIESS | |||||
DEKALB | |||||
DENT | |||||
DOUGLAS | |||||
DUNKLIN | |||||
FRANKLIN | |||||
GASCONADE | |||||
GENTRY | |||||
GREENE | |||||
GRUNDY | |||||
HARRISON | |||||
HENRY | |||||
HICKORY | |||||
HOLT | |||||
HOWARD | |||||
HOWELL | |||||
IRON | |||||
JACKSON | |||||
JASPER | |||||
JEFFERSON | |||||
JOHNSON | |||||
KNOX | |||||
LACLEDE | |||||
LAFAYETTE | |||||
LAWRENCE | |||||
LEWIS | |||||
LINCOLN | |||||
LINN | |||||
LIVINGSTON | |||||
MACON | |||||
MADISON | |||||
MARIES | |||||
MARION | |||||
MCDONALD | |||||
MERCER | |||||
MILLER | |||||
MISSISSIPPI | |||||
MONITEAU | |||||
MONROE | |||||
MONTGOMERY | |||||
MORGAN | |||||
NEW MADRID | |||||
NEWTON | |||||
NODAWAY | |||||
OREGON | |||||
OSAGE | |||||
OZARK | |||||
PEMISCOT | |||||
PERRY | |||||
PETTIS | |||||
PHELPS | |||||
PIKE | |||||
PLATTE | |||||
POLK | |||||
PULASKI | |||||
PUTNAM | |||||
RALLS | |||||
RANDOLPH | |||||
RAY | |||||
REYNOLDS | |||||
SALINE | |||||
SCHUYLER | |||||
SCOTLAND | |||||
SCOTT | |||||
SHANNON | |||||
SHELBY | |||||
ST. CHARLES | |||||
ST. CLAIR | |||||
ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
ST. LOUIS | |||||
STE. GENEVIEVE | |||||
STODDARD | |||||
STONE | |||||
SULLIVAN | |||||
TANEY | |||||
TEXAS | |||||
VERNON | |||||
WARREN | |||||
WASHINGTON | |||||
WEBSTER | |||||
WORTH | |||||
WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 001 , 006 , 008 , 009
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Black R.
Current R.
Comments: ""
Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.
Riverine
"See Comments"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Rock bottom, boulder",
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel",
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand",
References for Aquatic Associations: 001 , 006
Permanent Stream
References for Habitat Types: 001
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:
"Omnivore"
Other food habits; Not Specified
Comments for larval food habits:
"Parasitic, absorb nutrients from host (host unknown, probably fi"
References for larval food habits: 001
Other food habits; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
"Parasitic, absorb nutrients from host (host unknown, probably fi"
References Juvenile Food Habits 001
Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 001 , 012
References for egg niches requirements:
Substrate (not bottom type): animal substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Host specified in comments(00680)
References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 011
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: clear water
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features: runs or raceways
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 011
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: clear water
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Natural features: riffles
Host specified in comments(00680)
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 006
References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 006
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: clear water
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Natural features: riffles
Natural features: runs or raceways
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 001 , 006
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: clear water
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features: runs or raceways
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
References for feeding adult niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 008 , 009
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: clear water
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features: runs or raceways
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
References for resting adult niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 008 , 009
Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: pebble
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Gradient specified in comments(00140)
Host specified in comments(00680)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features: runs or raceways
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Siltation: low
Stability of bottom: stable
Stream order: fifth order stream
Stream order: fourth order stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Stream order: sixth order stream
Substrate (not bottom type): animal substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Turbidity: clear water
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Code | Comment |
---|---|
024 | In 1 study, a sample of 23 ind. Included 3 males and 20 females *01* |
003 | May be found with elliptio dilatata, pleurobema coccineum, ptychobranchus occidentalis, lampsilis reeviana brevicula, and fusconaia flava *06* |
006 | Filter water just above stream bottom *01* |
007 | Breed during late summer and fall *01* |
008 | Males release sperm into water, females pick up sperm while filtering *01* |
017 | Incubation period varies from 1 week to several months *01* |
018 | Female releases 70,000 -300,000 glochidia per season *01* |
020 | Eggs are fertilized and develop into glochidia in gills of female *01* |
030 | Most active in spring, summer, and fall *01* |
034 | Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of host species *01* |
035 | Regulatory factors include predation *01* |
099 | After glochidia are released from female, they attach to host (probably rainbow darter *11*, remain on host until metamorphosis to juvenile stage, juveniles leave host *01* |
037 | Depend on host for dispersal *01* |
Dispersion: clumped dispersion
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: water
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system specified in comments(008)
Duration of pair bond: no pair bond formed
Spawning site: flowing water
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Development of young at birth/hatching specified in comments(020)
Parental care of young: no care
Sex ratio specified in comments(024)
Code | Comment |
---|---|
024 | In 1 study, a sample of 23 ind. Included 3 males and 20 females *01* |
003 | May be found with elliptio dilatata, pleurobema coccineum, ptychobranchus occidentalis, lampsilis reeviana brevicula, and fusconaia flava *06* |
006 | Filter water just above stream bottom *01* |
007 | Breed during late summer and fall *01* |
008 | Males release sperm into water, females pick up sperm while filtering *01* |
017 | Incubation period varies from 1 week to several months *01* |
018 | Female releases 70,000 -300,000 glochidia per season *01* |
020 | Eggs are fertilized and develop into glochidia in gills of female *01* |
030 | Most active in spring, summer, and fall *01* |
034 | Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of host species *01* |
035 | Regulatory factors include predation *01* |
099 | After glochidia are released from female, they attach to host (probably rainbow darter *11*, remain on host until metamorphosis to juvenile stage, juveniles leave host *01* |
037 | Depend on host for dispersal *01* |
References for life history: 001 , 006 , 008 , 009 , 011
Regulate harvest of species being described
Shrub/brush - control erosion
Water - develop/maintain spawning/nesting facilities
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - exclude livestock from water
Water - restrict human disturbance
Agricultural - control erosion
Forest - control erosion
Grassland - control erosion
Beneficial Management References: 001 , 008 , 009
Water - application of herbicides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - application of fertilizer - organic
Water - application of fertilizer - inorganic
Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - gravel dredging in streams
Adverse Management References: 001 , 008 , 009 , 011
Comments on Management:
Important to protect habitat, especially the Upper Little Black river, stream miles 33.6 - 39.7 *01*. Habitat alteration is the principal threat to this species *09*
References for Management Comments: 001 , 009
Reference Code | Citation |
---|---|
001 | Unpb Buchanan, A.C. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573-882-9880). |
002 | Morton, J. E. 1967. Molluscs (4th Ed). Hutchinson and Co., Ltd. London. 244 Pp. |
003 | U.S. Dept. Of The Interior. 1980. Republication Of Lists Of Endangered And Threatened Species And Correction Of Technical Errors In Final Rules. U.S. Fws, Washington, D.C. Fed. Register 45(99): 33768-33781. |
004 | The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115. |
005 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
006 | Unpb Buchanan, A.C. 1982. A Study Of Epioblasma Florentina Curtisi (Utterback 1915), The Curtis Pearly Mussel, In The Upper Little Black River, Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573-882-9880). |
007 | Johnson, R.I. 1978. Systematics And Zoogeography Of Plagiold (= Dysnomia = Epioblasma), An Almost Extinct Genera Of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) From Middle North America. Bull. Mus. Coop. Zool. 148(6): 239-321. |
008 | Buchanan, A.C. 1983. Distribution, Abundance, Status, And Habitat Of The Curtis' Pearly Mussel, Epioblasma Florentina Curtisi In Southern Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation Endangered Species Project Se-3-1. 10 Pp. |
009 | U.S. Fish and Wildl. Service. 1986. Curtis' Pearly Mussel Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Twin Cities, Mn. 92 Pp. |
010 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp. |
011 | Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Best Management Practices: Curtis Pearlymussel. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo. |
012 | Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139. |
013 | Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115) |
014 | Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement. |
015 | Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf. |