Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: HALL'S BULLRUSH

Phylum: MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Class: LILIOPSIDA

Order: CYPERALES

Family: CYPERACEAE

Genus: SCHOENOPLECTIALLA

Species: HALLII

Taxonomic Authority: (A. GRAY) S.G. SM.

Taxonomy References: 001 , 002 , 005

Status

STATE RANK S2
GLOBAL RANK G2

Status References: 005

Habitat Summary

"Found in receeding or shallow waters of sinkhole ponds in sandy depressions. Also recently found on the edge of a shallow man-made pond in a sandy region."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland - sinkhole pond"

References: 002 , 003 , 004

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Occurs in scattered locations in southern and eastern Missouri *03,04*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
HOWELL ST. LOUIS
SCOTT

References for distribution: 003 , 004

Distribution by Watersheds

St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Oak-Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Palustrine

Aquatic Associations:

"Palustrine"

References for Aquatic Associations: 002 , 003 , 004

Habitat Types:

Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Marsh
See Comments

References for Habitat Types: 002 , 003 , 004 , 006

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Marshes
Pond Marsh

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 002 , 003 , 004

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

""

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for resting juvenile niche requirements:

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding Adult niche requirements:

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements:

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Disturbed areas: see comments(00677)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Soil type specified in comments(00300)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
003 Echinodorus tenellus occurs at every site where schoenoplectus hallII May be found *002*. Dominated by echinodorus, ludwigia, polypremum in drier zones; isoetes and eleocharis in wetter areas *003*. Occurs with eleocharis ovata, echinodorus tenellus var. Parvulus, xyris jubicai, polypremum procumbens, lipocarpa micrantha, hedyotis uniflora, and hedyotis boscII *003,004*. Also associated with hibiscus lasiocarpos, eupatorium hyssopifolium, bacopa acuminata, eleocharis acicularis, lindernia anagallidea, rotala ramosior, jussiaea repens, ludwigia palustris, alisma plantago-aquatica, eyringium prostratum, lysimachia radicans, and drodia virginiana *004*.
099 Simple water level changes do not seem to trigger germination, as it does in other sedges *004*.
042 Rhizomes absent or very short and hidden *002*.
044 Plant is an annual that produces a long-lived seed bank *004*.
046 Waterfowl disperse these bulrushes both in mud on their feet and feathers and as undigested seeds in their droppings *002*. Believed to have spread to the edge of a man-made pond on ducks feet *004*.
050 In michigan, fruiting specimens were collected starting in late August.
051 In michigan, fruiting specimens were collected until late September *004*.
047 Emergent aquatic *002*.

Life History Information

Reproduction (plants):see comments(042)
Duration of plant:annual
Duration of plant:see comments(044)
Seed dispersal by:animal
Seed dispersal by:see comments(046)
Life form:see comments(047)
Flowering period begins: July
Flowering period ends: October
Fruiting period begins: see comments(050)
Fruiting period ends: see comments(051)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
003 Echinodorus tenellus occurs at every site where schoenoplectus hallII May be found *002*. Dominated by echinodorus, ludwigia, polypremum in drier zones; isoetes and eleocharis in wetter areas *003*. Occurs with eleocharis ovata, echinodorus tenellus var. Parvulus, xyris jubicai, polypremum procumbens, lipocarpa micrantha, hedyotis uniflora, and hedyotis boscII *003,004*. Also associated with hibiscus lasiocarpos, eupatorium hyssopifolium, bacopa acuminata, eleocharis acicularis, lindernia anagallidea, rotala ramosior, jussiaea repens, ludwigia palustris, alisma plantago-aquatica, eyringium prostratum, lysimachia radicans, and drodia virginiana *004*.
099 Simple water level changes do not seem to trigger germination, as it does in other sedges *004*.
042 Rhizomes absent or very short and hidden *002*.
044 Plant is an annual that produces a long-lived seed bank *004*.
046 Waterfowl disperse these bulrushes both in mud on their feet and feathers and as undigested seeds in their droppings *002*. Believed to have spread to the edge of a man-made pond on ducks feet *004*.
050 In michigan, fruiting specimens were collected starting in late August.
051 In michigan, fruiting specimens were collected until late September *004*.
047 Emergent aquatic *002*.

References for life history: 002 , 003 , 004

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - exclude livestock from water
Water - restrict human disturbance
Water - protect natural hydrology to avoid lowering of the water table

Beneficial Management References: 004

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of herbicides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes

Adverse Management References: 004

Comments on Management:
Protection of extant sites from human disturbance, coupled with the protection of the habitat's natural hydrology is the primary management need. Land protection efforts must ensure the integrity of water within the entire watershed in which the species occurs. Sufficient buffer must exist to protect the site from herbicide drift, alterations in the water table, and similar potentially destructive actions. Alterations in hydrology include the depletion of groundwater. Other threats to populations include impacts due to: off road vehicle use, storm water, exotic plant species, and excessive grazing *04*.

References for Management Comments: 004

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Yatskievych, G. and J. Turner. 1990. Catalogue Of The Flora Of Missouri. Monographs In Systemic Botany From The Missouri Botanical Garden, V.37. 345 Pp.
002 Yatskievych, G. 1999. Steyermark's Flora Of Missouri, Volume I (Revised Edition). Missouri Dept. Of Conservation And Missouri Botanical Garden Press. St. Louis, Mo. 991 Pp.
003 Unpb Flora Of Missouri Database. G. Yatskievych, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Mo 63166-0299. 314-577-9522.
004 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
005 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2018. Missouri Species and communities of conservation concern checklist. MO Dept. of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp.56.
006 Unpb Smith, T.E. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.