Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: CHICKEN, GREATER PRAIRIE

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: GALLIFORMES

Family: PHASIANIDAE

SubFamily: TETRAONINAE

Genus: TYMPANUCHUS

Species: CUPIDO

SubSpecies: PINNATUS

Taxonomic Authority: (BREWSTER)

Taxonomy References: 002

Status

NONGAME
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G4

Status References: 011 , 014 , 015 , 036

Habitat Summary

"Prefer grassland tracts of at least 80 acres. Should include herbaceous vegetation 8-16\" tall for nesting, diverse structure and species composition for brood habitat, and dense stands of native grass or shrub thickets for winter cover."

Primary Habitat: "Grassland(matrix)"

References: 005 , 006 , 011 , 012 , 013

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Rare permanent resident in southwest (local) *01*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
AUDRAIN ADAIR ANDREW
BARTON ATCHISON BARRY
BATES MONTGOMERY BOLLINGER
BENTON PIKE BOONE
CALLAWAY BUCHANAN
CARROLL BUTLER
CEDAR CALDWELL
COOPER CAMDEN
DADE CAPE GIRARDEAU
HARRISON CARTER
HENRY CASS
HICKORY CHARITON
JASPER CHRISTIAN
JOHNSON CLARK
LAWRENCE CLAY
MACON CLINTON
MILLER COLE
MONITEAU CRAWFORD
MONROE DALLAS
MORGAN DAVIESS
NEWTON DEKALB
PETTIS DENT
RALLS DOUGLAS
ST. CLAIR DUNKLIN
VERNON FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
GREENE
GRUNDY
HOLT
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MERCER
MISSISSIPPI
NEW MADRID
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
PERRY
PHELPS
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SCOTT
SHANNON
SHELBY
ST. CHARLES
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STODDARD
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 035 , 001 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 025 , 026 , 028 , 031

Distribution by Watersheds

Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Marais Des Cygnes from Headwaters to Little Osage R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Blackwater R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: Elk River
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Aquatic Associations:

References for Aquatic Associations:

Habitat Types:

Cereal Grain
Perennial Grass (Warm season)
Legumes (Tame)

References for Habitat Types: 016

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Prairie
Dry Prairie
Dry-Mesic Prairie
Mesic Prairie
Wet-Mesic Prairie
Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Chert Prairie
Dry Chert Prairie
Dry-Mesic Chert Prairie
Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Dry Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Dry-Mesic Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Hardpan Prairie

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 006 , 009 , 012 , 016 , 019 , 030

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Plants; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 011

Adult Food Habits

Leguminosae (pea, bean, sweet clover); Leaves/Needles
Gramineae (grass); Leaves/Needles
Cyperaceae (sedge); Fruit/Seeds
Rosaceae (rose, cherry, plum, blackberry); Fruit/Seeds
Leguminosae (pea, bean, sweet clover); Fruit/Seeds
Solanaceae (tobacco, tomato); Fruit/Seeds
Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle, elderberry); Fruit/Seeds
Compositae (asters); Fruit/Seeds
Corn; Fruit/Seeds
Oats; Fruit/Seeds
Wheat; Fruit/Seeds
Broom corn, sorghum; Fruit/Seeds
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Larva stage
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Shrubs; Not Specified
See comments on seasonal variation; Not Specified
Dicotyledoneae (dicots); Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 004 , 011 , 018

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: subclimax grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: legumes

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 012 , 019 , 022 , 030

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Distance to shrub-brush specified in comments(00410)
Shrubs specified in comments(00615)
Vines specified in comments(00616)
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: hay
Fencerows

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 011 , 012 , 019 , 022 , 030

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: hills
Natural features: ridges
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous grassland
Size of continuous grasslands specified in comments(00365)
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: subclimax grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Distance to suitable breeding area specified in comments(00450)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Forb cover (%) specified in comments(00621)
Grass cover (%) specified in comments(00622)
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: soybeans
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: clover
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: legumes
Conservation reserve program (CRP) fields specified in comments(00676)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 040 , 041 , 043 , 005 , 006 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 019 , 022 , 030 , 033 , 034 , 038 , 039

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: subclimax grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Canopy closure (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: legumes

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 011 , 012 , 019 , 022 , 038

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: subclimax grassland
Successional stage: climax grassland
Canopy closure (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: legumes

References for resting adult niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 019 , 022 , 034 , 038

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Agricultural crops: clover
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: legumes
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: soybeans
Bare ground (%) specified in comments(00710)
Canopy closure (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Conservation reserve program (CRP) fields specified in comments(00676)
Distance to shrub-brush specified in comments(00410)
Distance to suitable breeding area specified in comments(00450)
Edge: coniferous trees/deciduous trees edge
Edge: crop fields/grassland edge
Fencerows
Forb cover (%) specified in comments(00621)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Grass cover (%) specified in comments(00622)
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous grassland
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Natural features: hills
Natural features: ridges
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Shrubs specified in comments(00615)
Size of continuous grasslands specified in comments(00365)
Successional stage: climax grassland
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage: subclimax grassland
Vines specified in comments(00616)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
013 In CO study, exhibited fidelity to both breeding and winter sites. Average distance between sites was 10.6 km for females and 2.9 km for males. *32*.
016 Inside diameter of nest 7", nest 2-3" deep *24*
007 Males visit booming grounds jan. Through mid-June *11* females visit booming grounds mid-March through late May *05,11* breeding peak in April *05,11,22*.
017 Incubation 21-28 days *05* usually 23-25 days *11,24*
018 In one MO study, clutch size average 11.2 in prairie mosaic habitat, 11.6 in prairie island habitat *30*
027 Territory 113.8-1069.2 sq. M *22*
028 Home range size varies with season, greater than 2000 acres in late summer, less than 500 acres in spring and fall *05,13* home range of flock .25-.5 sq. MI *11* in spring, home range of flock about 1 sq. Mi. *11* in summer, use area less than 320 acres *11*. In CO, home ranges of females in early spring averaged 213 ha, in late spring averaged 624 ha *32*. Home ranges of yearling males averaged 106.7 ha in autumn and 936.9 ha in early spring *33*.
031 Mortality of young 46% during first five weeks after hatching *05*. In MO study, mean mortality of males 39% February 1-May 31, 15% the rest of the year. Female survival averaged 63% during nesting season, 89% rest of the year *34*. In a MO release program, most mortality of released males occurred during the first 5 days after release. Most female mortality occurred steadily from release in April through June *37*.
033 In CO, moved from breeding to winter range between June and August. Females with broods migrated earlier. Returned to breeding grounds between February and March. Average distance moved was 10.6 km for females and 2.9 km for males *32*.
034 Competition with ring-necked pheasants may be a limiting factor *21*. Pheasants also parasitize nests *21,42*. An IL study found that hatchability of prairie chicken eggs in parasitized nests was reduced due to the shorter incubation period of pheasant eggs *42*.
035 Nest losses due to weather, trampling by livestock, predation *05,30* in MO study, predators of males 45% mammals, 54.3% avian; of females, 56.5% mammals, 43.5% avian *34*.
099 Nest success in CO study was 40.5% *33*, in MO study 28-40%, averaged 35%. Female reproductive success averaged 56% (range 35-75%) over a 3-year period *34*.young independant at 8-10 weeks *05*. 2 hens may lay eggs in the same nest *05*. Nests are localized around booming ground if there is adequate nest cover *19*. In CO, 85% of females visited more than 1 lek *32*. Males may visit booming ground in fall, but not regularly *05*. Form bisexual flocks in fall and winter, in January, separate into flocks of males and females. Females stay in flocks of 6-22 near booming grounds *11*. Is a host to the brown-headed cowbird *045*. Ring-necked pheasants may disrupt lek displays and parasitize nests *046*. Hatching success is about 89%. Loss of genetic variation is associated with lower hatching success of eggs following a population bottleneck *047*.
037 Juveniles move greatest distances oct.-nov. *13*. In MO study, released hens nested up to 31 miles from the release site *37*.

Life History Information

Territory size specified in comments(027)
Home range size specified in comments(028)
Periodicity: active in day
Periodicity: most active in early spring
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging sites: ground
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: promiscuity
Duration of pair bond: pair for life
Display site: lek
Nest/den site: depression
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: hair or feathers
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: precocial
Parental care of young: female
Territoriality: defends breeding territory

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
013 In CO study, exhibited fidelity to both breeding and winter sites. Average distance between sites was 10.6 km for females and 2.9 km for males. *32*.
016 Inside diameter of nest 7", nest 2-3" deep *24*
007 Males visit booming grounds jan. Through mid-June *11* females visit booming grounds mid-March through late May *05,11* breeding peak in April *05,11,22*.
017 Incubation 21-28 days *05* usually 23-25 days *11,24*
018 In one MO study, clutch size average 11.2 in prairie mosaic habitat, 11.6 in prairie island habitat *30*
027 Territory 113.8-1069.2 sq. M *22*
028 Home range size varies with season, greater than 2000 acres in late summer, less than 500 acres in spring and fall *05,13* home range of flock .25-.5 sq. MI *11* in spring, home range of flock about 1 sq. Mi. *11* in summer, use area less than 320 acres *11*. In CO, home ranges of females in early spring averaged 213 ha, in late spring averaged 624 ha *32*. Home ranges of yearling males averaged 106.7 ha in autumn and 936.9 ha in early spring *33*.
031 Mortality of young 46% during first five weeks after hatching *05*. In MO study, mean mortality of males 39% February 1-May 31, 15% the rest of the year. Female survival averaged 63% during nesting season, 89% rest of the year *34*. In a MO release program, most mortality of released males occurred during the first 5 days after release. Most female mortality occurred steadily from release in April through June *37*.
033 In CO, moved from breeding to winter range between June and August. Females with broods migrated earlier. Returned to breeding grounds between February and March. Average distance moved was 10.6 km for females and 2.9 km for males *32*.
034 Competition with ring-necked pheasants may be a limiting factor *21*. Pheasants also parasitize nests *21,42*. An IL study found that hatchability of prairie chicken eggs in parasitized nests was reduced due to the shorter incubation period of pheasant eggs *42*.
035 Nest losses due to weather, trampling by livestock, predation *05,30* in MO study, predators of males 45% mammals, 54.3% avian; of females, 56.5% mammals, 43.5% avian *34*.
099 Nest success in CO study was 40.5% *33*, in MO study 28-40%, averaged 35%. Female reproductive success averaged 56% (range 35-75%) over a 3-year period *34*.young independant at 8-10 weeks *05*. 2 hens may lay eggs in the same nest *05*. Nests are localized around booming ground if there is adequate nest cover *19*. In CO, 85% of females visited more than 1 lek *32*. Males may visit booming ground in fall, but not regularly *05*. Form bisexual flocks in fall and winter, in January, separate into flocks of males and females. Females stay in flocks of 6-22 near booming grounds *11*. Is a host to the brown-headed cowbird *045*. Ring-necked pheasants may disrupt lek displays and parasitize nests *046*. Hatching success is about 89%. Loss of genetic variation is associated with lower hatching success of eggs following a population bottleneck *047*.
037 Juveniles move greatest distances oct.-nov. *13*. In MO study, released hens nested up to 31 miles from the release site *37*.

References for life history: 042 , 045 , 046 , 047 , 005 , 011 , 013 , 019 , 021 , 022 , 024 , 030 , 032 , 033 , 034 , 037

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Grassland - maintain large tracts of grassland
Agricultural - develop and maintain food plots
Agricultural - control grazing by domestic livestock
Agricultural - prescribed/controlled burning
Agricultural - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Agricultural - haying/mowing
Agricultural - retention of crop residue over winter
Agricultural - no-till farming
Grassland - develop and maintain food plots
Grassland - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Grassland - maintain natural vegetation (native)
Grassland - control grazing of domestic livestock
Grassland - prescribed/controlled burning
Grassland - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Grassland - haying/mowing

Beneficial Management References: 046 , 004 , 005 , 011 , 019 , 020 , 030

Adverse Managment Practices:

Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Shrub/brush - control of undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)
Shrub/brush - prescribed/controlled burning
Agricultural - application of herbicides
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Agricultural - control of undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)
Agricultural - uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock
Agricultural - clean farming
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides
Grassland - control of undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)
Grassland - uncontrolled grazing of domestic livestock

Adverse Management References: 046 , 004 , 005 , 011 , 019 , 020

Comments on Management:
Beneficial to burn at 3-5 year intervals before April 1. Use rotation mowing with 2/3 - 3/4 of prairie left unmowed *20* beneficial to seed grass or grass-legume mix *20* and plant food plots of corn, soybeans, wheat, and cane *04*. Loss of native prairie to agriculture primarily responsible for population decline. Preservation and proper management of key tracts of native prairie will ensure survival of local flocks by insulating them from major changes in agricultural practices. Planting and subsequent proper management of warm-season grasses in areas with remnant flocks will significantly increase the amount of adequate habitat for both nesting and winter survival *26*. A mixture of grassland and cropland is important; cornfields in CO were especially important during severe winter weather *33*. Optimum habitat proportion is 1/3 crops, 2/3 native pasture *29*. A MO study found preferred habitat variables for best nest success less than 25% litter, greater than 25% grass, greater than 5% forbs, 0% woody cover. Grazing, haying or burning will reduce litter *34,43*, should be initiated when litter cover exceeds 25% *43*. Should provide nest cover by encouraging early forbs and redtop or timothy. *34*. Beneficial to convert 1/4-1/3 of fescue on an area to warm-season native grass, while leaving other crop ratios unchanged. 25-30% of land (in an area of several square miles) should be in permanent grass cover. Diversity of grass cover is important - should maintain diversity by grazing intensity, crop rotation, strip- cropping, contour farming, no-till farming, and controlled burning. *29*. In MO study were seen most frequently on moderately grazed prairie pastures *38*. Trees cut within 1 km of booming grounds should be burned or completely removed to avoid creating denning sites for predators or perches for raptors *34*. Management of prairie pastures: graze warm-season grasses only in hot-weather months, leaving 8-10" stubble. Prairie hay meadows should be cut in July, leaving at least 4-6" *29*. Management should address landscape-scale land use as well as local habitat characteristics *40*. A MO study recommended that prairie chickens be managed as a network of local populations, and suggested linking large tracts of prairie with smaller scattered parcels as corridors. Minimum tract size 80 acres acceptable if tract adjacent to or within 1/2 mile of large tract. Nest habitats should be within 1/2 mile of each other and in association with winter food resources and brood habitats. Compatible management on private land surrounding state-owned prairies should be encouraged. Haying half of a small tract may result in an area remaining that is too small to be useful *30*. A MO study found no detrimental effect on mortality from wing battery-powered transmitters for radiotelemetry, annual survival averaged 32% for banded birds and 37% for radio marked birds *34*. Adverse: convert prairie to other grass, burn or mow during nesting season *11,12*. May be adverse to release ring-necked pheasants near prairie chicken populations due to pheasants parasitizing nests and competing for food and cover *21*. In a MO 2-year release program, survival was 73% the first year and 34% the second year *37*. Beneficial management includes 1) conserve larger grasslands, 2) reduce the amount of edge in fragmented landscapes, 3) within fragmented landscapes, use minimum tillage and provide idle areas, 4) incorporate a variety of grazing and burning regimes within a landscape, to provide a variety of successional stages *44*. Translocation can be used to establish populations in habitat proximal to multiple leks *046*.

References for Management Comments: 040 , 044 , 046 , 004 , 011 , 012 , 020 , 021 , 026 , 029 , 030 , 033 , 034 , 037 , 038

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
002 American Ornithologists Union. 1998. Check-List Of North American Birds, 7th Ed. American Orn. Union, Washington, D.C. 829 Pp.
003 Rising, J., T. Pucci, N. Johnson, and R. Dawson. 1978. Birds Of The Kansas City Area. Burroughs Audubon Soc. Of Kansas City And The Shawnee Mission Environ Sci. Laboratory, Shawnee Mission South High School, KS. 46 Pp.
004 Korschgen, L.J. 1962. Food Habits Of Greater Prairie Chickens In Missouri. Amer. Midl. Nat. 68(2):307-318.
005 Unpb Arthaud, F.L. 1968. Prairie Chickens In Southwestern Missouri. M.A. Thesis, University Of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 134 Pp.
006 Unpb Skinner, R.M. 1974. Grassland Use Patterns And Prairie Bird Populations. Ma Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 62 Pp.
007 Robbins, M. 1978. Spring Survey. Bluebird 45(3):14-20.
008 Heilbrun, L.H. 1979. 1978-1979 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 33(4):327-707.
009 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
010 Unpb Rathert, J. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)-882-9880.
011 Schwartz, C.W. 1945. Ecology Of Prairie Chickens In Missouri. Univ. Of Mo Stud. 20(1):1-99.
012 Drobney, R.D. and R.D. Sparrowe. 1977. Land Use Relationships And Movements Of Greater Prairie Chickens In Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 10-11:146-160.
013 Robel, R.J., J.N. Briggs, J.J. Cebula, N.J. Silvy, C.E. Viers, and P.G. Watt. 1970. Greater Prairie Chicken Ranges, Movements, And Habitat Usage In Kansas. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 34(2):286-306.
014 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
015 The Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
016 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
017 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
018 Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American Wildlife And Plants - A Guide To Wildlife Food Habits. Dover Publ. Inc. New York. 500 Pp.
019 Unpb Drobney, R.D. 1973. Habitat Use By Prairie Chickens In Relation To Land-Use Practices In Benton County, Missouri. M.A. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 92 Pp.
020 Kirsch, L.M., A.T. Klett, and H.W. Miller. 1974. Habitat Management Considerations For Prairie Chickens. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2(3):124-129.
021 Vance, D.R. and R.L. Westemeier. 1979. Interactions Of Pheasants And Prairie Chickens In Illinois. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 7(4):221-225.
022 Robel, R.J. 1966. Booming Territory Size And Mating Success Of Greater Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus Cupido). Avim. Behav. 14(2-3): 328-331.
023 Jones, R.E. 1963. Identification And Analysis Of Lesser And Greater Prairie Chicken Habitat. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 27(4):757-777.
024 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
025 Unpb Cannon, R. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573-882-9880).
026 Cannon, R.W. and D.M. Christisen. 1984. Breeding Range And Population Status Of The Greater Prairie Chicken In Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 18:33-39.
027 Unpb Christisen, D.M. 1984. Annual Prairie Chicken Inventory Of Public Prairies And Special Areas. P-R Project 16, Job No 1. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201.
028 Unpb Wywialowski, Alice. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
029 Christisen, D.M. 1985. The Greater Prairie Chicken And Missouri's Land-Use Patterns. Mo Dept. Conserv. Terr. Ser. No. 15. Jefferson City, Mo. 52 Pp.
030 Unpb Jones, D.P. 1988. Breeding Ecology And Habitat Use Of Greater Prairie Chickens In Relation To Habitat Pattern. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 91 Pp.
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