Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System

Navigation

Taxonomy

Common Name: EAGLE, BALD

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: ACCIPITRIFORMES

Family: ACCIPITRIDAE

Genus: HALIAEETUS

Species: LEUCOCEPHALUS

SubSpecies: ALASCENSIS

Taxonomic Authority: GRINNELL

Taxonomy References: 002 , 080

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G5

Status References: 073 , 003 , 051 , 056

Habitat Summary

"Use deciduous and mixed forest types near water. During winter concentrate near rivers with open water and in areas with large numbers of wintering waterfowl. Require perch sites (large trees) near shore. Prefer areas with limited human activity."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland matrix"

References: 001 , 032 , 033 , 038

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Possible statewide distribution during winter *01*. Casual summer resident, uncommon winter resident *70*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
ADAIR	ANDREW
ATCHISON	AUDRAIN
BARRY	BARTON
BATES	CALDWELL
BENTON	CASS
BOLLINGER	GENTRY
BOONE	JASPER
BUCHANAN	JOHNSON
BUTLER	KNOX
CALLAWAY	LAWRENCE
CAMDEN	MERCER
CAPE GIRARDEAU	PETTIS
CARROLL	PUTNAM
CARTER	SCHUYLER
CEDAR	SCOTLAND
CHARITON	SHELBY
CHRISTIAN	ST. FRANCOIS
CLARK	SULLIVAN
CLAY	WASHINGTON
CLINTON	WEBSTER
COLE	WORTH
COOPER
CRAWFORD
DADE
DALLAS
DAVIESS
DEKALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GREENE
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOLT
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MILLER
MISSISSIPPI
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEW MADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
PERRY
PHELPS
PIKE
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
RALLS
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCOTT
SHANNON
ST. CHARLES
ST. CLAIR
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STODDARD
STONE
TANEY
TEXAS
VERNON
WARREN
WAYNE
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 067 , 070 , 072 , 001 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 007 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 015 , 061 , 006 , 009 , 013

Distribution by Watersheds

Des Moines R.
Wyaconda R.
North Fabius R. and Middle Fabius R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Mo. R. from Iowa Border to Nishnabotna R.
Nishnabotna R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Northwest Corner of Jackson County
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Marais Des Cygnes from Headwaters to Little Osage R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Fourche Creek
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Palustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Lacustrine"
"Palustrine"
"Palustrine", "Forested"
"Riverine"

References for Aquatic Associations: 016 , 017 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 030 , 031 , 032 , 038 , 040 , 041 , 045 , 046 , 061 , 023

Habitat Types:

Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Marsh
Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 016 , 017 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 030 , 052 , 059 , 023

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Bottomland Forest
Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 016 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 030 , 031 , 032 , 038 , 040 , 045 , 046 , 052 , 023

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Juvenile diet similar to adult's; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 078 , 001

Adult Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Clupeiformes (herrings); Not Specified
Salmoniformes (trout, salmon, smelts, pikes); Not Specified
Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, suckers); Not Specified
Perciformes (bass, sunfishes, perches, drums, sculpins); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Procyonidae (raccoon, ringtail); Not Specified
Mustelidae (weasel, skunk, otter, mink, badger); Not Specified
Cervidae (deer); Not Specified
Birds; Not Specified
Anseriformes (swans, geese, and ducks); Not Specified
Carrion; Not Specified
Testudines (turtles); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Didelphidae (oppossum); Not Specified
Leporidae (rabbits); Not Specified
Sciuridae (squirrels, chipmunks, prairie dogs); Not Specified
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 076 , 078 , 016 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 026 , 028 , 029 , 031 , 033 , 038 , 041 , 044 , 045 , 047 , 048 , 049 , 050

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: backwaters
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Edge: woodland/water edge
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 016 , 018 , 020 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 031 , 032 , 041 , 023

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 016 , 020 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 029 , 031 , 041 , 045

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: oxbow
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Snags
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 071 , 074 , 016 , 030 , 038 , 040 , 041 , 046 , 054

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: backwaters
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Edge: woodland/water edge
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Snags
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Isolation from humans specified in comments(00700)

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 077 , 016 , 018 , 020 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 031 , 032 , 041 , 054 , 060 , 064 , 023

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements: 016 , 020 , 022 , 024 , 025 , 029 , 031 , 041 , 045 , 056 , 062 , 063

Niche Requirement Summary

Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Edge: woodland/water edge
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: non-connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: backwaters
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: swamp
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Isolation from humans specified in comments(00700)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: bottomland
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Snags
Snags specified in comments(00510)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
013	May reuse old nest each year 17,21,28,38,41
004	Communal feeding occurs though individuals rarely share the same food item. Have been observed attempting to displace each other from food items. 55
005	Perch on snags to spot prey 54
006	May feed by wading in water, though usually hunt from perch 31,41
007	Territory established mid March - April. Eggs laid late April with a peak during 2nd week of May (Alaska) 27. In OH eggs laid from 9-12 March 28. In FL lay eggs 1st week November - mid December 21
014	In AK nests about 53 feet above ground 27. In British Columbia nest about 100 feet above ground 20. In FL nests usually 90-125 feet above ground 21
016	In AK average nest dimensions 63 " width, 38 " deep 27. In OH 1st years' nest 4 feet tall, 5 feet across 28
017	In AK incubation period approximately 34 days 27. In OH incubation 34-35 days 28. In general incubation 31-46 days 32. Incubation approximately 35 days 33,41
027	Average territory size 57 acres 41. In AK territory size 28-112 acres 27. In FL nesting pair need territory of .5 mile radius from nest 21
028	In MO study, mean winter ranges of adults was 18.8 sq. Km, of immatures 18.3 sq. Km. Mean winter ranges differed by year, and may be related to changes in food abundance - scarce or widely distributed food results in larger ranges. 57
033	In OK arrive October, peak in January,depart by mid-March 29. In FL arrive September, leave July and aug. 21. In IL peak arrival by mid-January, depart by 1st of April 22. In IL immatures arrive before adults and are more abundant until mid-December, all left by mid-April 34. In OK arrive late October - early November, September leave late February - early March 37. In WA congregate October - March with a peak in January 44. In or. Arrive mid-November and leave by early March. Most abundant late November- early February 26
035	In OK shooting main cause of mortality 29. Causes of mortality include shooting, electrocution and poisoning 41. In FL, 5 out of 6 deaths for suburban-fledged young were from electrocution and vehicular collisions. Suburban fledglings do not consider anthropogenic landscape features a threat 079.
099	Population decline due to habitat loss, shooting, trauma, poisoning, disease, electrocution, and reduced reproduction due to environmental contaminants 56
031	In a FL study, 1.3 young fledged per occupied nest, and 1.7 young fledged per successful nest. After 1 year, survival of young from rural nests was 85%, whereas survuval from suburban nests was 62-76% 079.
011	In FL study, mosts nests were in large mature pines, 1 on a cell phone tower, 2 on artificial raptor nesting towers, and 6 on electric distribution poles 079.

Life History Information

Territory size specified in comments(027)
Home range size specified in comments(028)
Periodicity: active in day
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/fall/winter
Foraging strategy: hawking
Foraging strategy specified in comments(004)
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: water
Foraging sites: snags
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Duration of pair bond: pair for life
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials: vegetative down
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Territoriality: defends breeding territory

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
013	May reuse old nest each year 17,21,28,38,41
004	Communal feeding occurs though individuals rarely share the same food item. Have been observed attempting to displace each other from food items. 55
005	Perch on snags to spot prey 54
006	May feed by wading in water, though usually hunt from perch 31,41
007	Territory established mid March - April. Eggs laid late April with a peak during 2nd week of May (Alaska) 27. In OH eggs laid from 9-12 March 28. In FL lay eggs 1st week November - mid December 21
014	In AK nests about 53 feet above ground 27. In British Columbia nest about 100 feet above ground 20. In FL nests usually 90-125 feet above ground 21
016	In AK average nest dimensions 63 " width, 38 " deep 27. In OH 1st years' nest 4 feet tall, 5 feet across 28
017	In AK incubation period approximately 34 days 27. In OH incubation 34-35 days 28. In general incubation 31-46 days 32. Incubation approximately 35 days 33,41
027	Average territory size 57 acres 41. In AK territory size 28-112 acres 27. In FL nesting pair need territory of .5 mile radius from nest 21
028	In MO study, mean winter ranges of adults was 18.8 sq. Km, of immatures 18.3 sq. Km. Mean winter ranges differed by year, and may be related to changes in food abundance - scarce or widely distributed food results in larger ranges. 57
033	In OK arrive October, peak in January,depart by mid-March 29. In FL arrive September, leave July and aug. 21. In IL peak arrival by mid-January, depart by 1st of April 22. In IL immatures arrive before adults and are more abundant until mid-December, all left by mid-April 34. In OK arrive late October - early November, September leave late February - early March 37. In WA congregate October - March with a peak in January 44. In or. Arrive mid-November and leave by early March. Most abundant late November- early February 26
035	In OK shooting main cause of mortality 29. Causes of mortality include shooting, electrocution and poisoning 41. In FL, 5 out of 6 deaths for suburban-fledged young were from electrocution and vehicular collisions. Suburban fledglings do not consider anthropogenic landscape features a threat 079.
099	Population decline due to habitat loss, shooting, trauma, poisoning, disease, electrocution, and reduced reproduction due to environmental contaminants 56
031	In a FL study, 1.3 young fledged per occupied nest, and 1.7 young fledged per successful nest. After 1 year, survival of young from rural nests was 85%, whereas survuval from suburban nests was 62-76% 079.
011	In FL study, mosts nests were in large mature pines, 1 on a cell phone tower, 2 on artificial raptor nesting towers, and 6 on electric distribution poles 079.

References for life history: 017 , 018 , 019 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 026 , 027 , 028 , 029 , 030 , 031 , 032 , 033 , 034 , 035 , 036 , 037 , 038 , 041 , 044 , 054 , 055 , 056 , 057 , 023 , 079

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Urban - develop/maintain greenspace (wildlife corridors)
Water - develop/maintain spawning/nesting facilities
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control water levels
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - exclude livestock from water
Water - restrict human disturbance
Water - greentree reservoir management
Agricultural - seasonal restriction of human use of habitat
Agricultural - provide artificial nest sites
Agricultural - supplemental feeding (winter, spring, etc.)
Agricultural - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Agricultural - control erosion
Agricultural - maintain riparian habitats
Agricultural - maintain streambanks
Agricultural - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - provide artificial nesting sites
Forest - supplemental feeding (winter, spring, etc.)
Forest - maintain natural vegetation (native)
Forest - control erosion
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streambanks
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Forest - retain snags/cavity trees
Grassland - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Grassland - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Grassland - control erosion
Grassland - maintain riparian habitats
Grassland - maintain stream banks

Beneficial Management References: 066 , 068 , 075 , 001 , 025 , 029 , 030 , 031 , 039 , 040 , 056 , 058 , 059

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides

Adverse Management References: 001 , 031 , 039 , 040 , 041

Comments on Management:
It may be beneficial to protect or develop buffer strips of trees along waterways *25*. It is important to maintain food sources. This includes encouraging upland species and tailwater fish species such as goldeye, gizzard shad, white bass, and walleye. Also encourage waterfowl by planting food plots and supplying roosting sites. Control water levels to strand fish in shallow pools. Maintain perch trees within 15 m. Of water *31,39*. In NE, foraging was enhanced by maintenence of ice-free water by hydroelectric and steam-plants, and disabling of prey by hydroelectric facilities *65*. A buffer zone of 400-800 m around high-use foraging areas should be maintained *64*. Extensive bank stabilization may be adverse but local bank stabilization can be beneficial *31*. A MI study found that nesting pairs became alert to human activity within 500 m of nest. 75% of flight responses occurred when activity was within 200 m of nest. Vehicles caused the highest response. Response to disturbance increased with disturbance duration, visibility, sound, and number per event. Recommended no human activity within 500-600 m of nests, with a secondary restriced zone of 100-1200 m. *66*. A WA study found that feeding activity in winter was disrupted by recreationals activities, and recommended that foot traffic and motorboats within 400 m of eagles be restricted during the first 5 hours of daylight *75*. Recovery plan recommendations: providing improved habitat, particularly during winter, is the most important means of maximizing survivorship. Steel shot should be used in areas of waterfowl hunting where significant problems with bald eagles are documented. In breeding areas, should (1) maintain 330 feet buffer zone around nest where human access is restricted, (2) maintain 660 feet zone around nest tree where significant changes in landscape are prohibited, (3) preserve 3 or more super-canopy trees within 1/4 mile of each nest for roost and perch sites, (4) artificial nest platforms 25-36 sq feet may be placed in suitable trees with no nests or in trees with dilapidated nests *56*. Artificial nests made of natural materials are beneficial, are most useful when they replace fallen, recently active nests. *68*. In roost areas, should maintain buffer zone of at least 1400 m inland from water's edge, and at least 1360 m of shoreline edge. Tall, large diameter trees should also be protected *63*. A ME study found that starvation of young eagles during their first winter is a major limiting factor of eagle populations, and that food and energy stress may lower the reproductive potential of adults. Supplemental feeding of carrion may temporarily mitigate losses due to starvation, can benefit reintroduction programs by attracting eagles to the area, and can lure eagles away from food sources contaminated by disease or pollution *69*. Decrease risk of raptor electrocution *079*.

References for Management Comments: 066 , 068 , 069 , 075 , 025 , 031 , 039 , 041 , 042 , 043 , 056 , 063 , 064 , 065 , 079

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
002	American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
003	Rare And Endangered Species Checklist Of Missouri. 1995. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation Natural Heritage Database. Jefferson City, Mo. 31 Pp.
004	Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2.
005	Anderson, R. and P. Bauer. 1968. A Guide To Finding Birds In The St. Louis Area. Webster Groves Nature Study Society. 44 Pp.
006	Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
007	Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
008	Birds Of Mingo National Wildlife Refuge.1970.Department Of The Interior Fish And Wildlife Service.Bureau Of Sport Fisheries And Wildlife.Refuge Leaflet 179-R3.
009	Dierker, W.W. 1979. Birds Of The Hannibal Missouri Area. Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci. 13:41-51.
010	Cruickshank, A.D. 1963. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 17(2): 73-290.
011	Cruickshank, A.D. 1964. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 18(2):77-322.
012	Cruickshank, A.D. 1969. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 23(2):113-432.
013	Heilbrun, L.H. 1976. 1975-1976 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 30(2):182-633.
014	Heilbrun, L.H. 1978. 1977-1978 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 32(4):447-911.
015	Heilbrun, L.H. 1979. 1978-1979 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 33(4):327-707.
016	Brooks, A. 1922. Notes On The Abundance And Habits Of The Bald Eagle In British Columbia. Auk 39:556-559.
017	Herrick, F.H. 1924. Nests And Nesting Habits Of The American Eagle. Auk 41(3):213-231.
018	Herrick, F.H. 1924. The Daily Life Of The American Eagle: Late Phase Auk 41(3):389-422.
019	Murphy, J.R. 1962. Aggressive Behavior Of A Bald Eagle. Auk 79(4): 712-713.
020	Munro, J.A. 1938. The Northern Bald Eagle In British Columbia. Wilson Bull. 50:28-35.
021	Broley, C.L. 1947. Migration And Nesting Of Florida Bald Eagles. Wilson Bull. 59:3-20.
022	Southern, W.E. 1963. Winter Populations, Behavior, And Seasonal Dispersal Of Bald Eagles In Northwestern Illinois. Wilson Bull. 75: 42-55.
023	Swisher, J.F., Jr. 1964. A Roosting Area Of The Bald Eagle In Northern Utah. Wilson Bull. 76(2):186-187.
024	Steenhof, K., S.S. Berlinger, And L.H. Fredrickson. 1980. Habitat Use By Wintering Bald Eagles In South Dakota. J. Wildl. Manage. 44(4):798-805.
025	Stalmaster, M.V. and J.R. Newman. 1979. Perch-Site Preferences Of Wintering Bald Eagles In Northwest Washington. J. Wildl. Manage. 43(1):221-224.
026	Fitzner, R.E. and W.C. Hanson. 1979. A Congregation Of Wintering Bald Eagles. Condor 81(3):311-313.
027	Hensel, R.J. and W.A. Troyer. 1964. Nesting Studies Of The Bald Eagle In Alaska. Condor 66:282-286.
028	Herrick, F.H. 1933. Daily Life Of The American Eagle : Early Phase. Auk 50(1):35-53.
029	Lish, J.W. and J.C. Lewis. 1975. Status And Ecology Of Bald Eagles Wintering In Oklahoma. Proc. S.E. Assoc. Game And Fish Comm. 29:415-423.
030	Murphy, J.R. 1965. Nest Site Selection By The Bald Eagle In Yellowstone National Park. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 42:261-264.
031	Unpb Steenhof, K. 1976. The Ecology Of Wintering Bald Eagles In Southeastern South Dakota. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Mo, Columbia. 146 Pp.
032	Brown, L. and D. Amadon. 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons Of The World. Vol. 1. Mcgraw-Hill Book Co. Ny, Ny. 414pp.
033	Bent, A.C. 1937. Life Histories Of North American Birds Of Prey. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 167. 409 Pp.
034	Southern, W.E. 1964. Additional Observations On Winter Bald Eagle Population: Including Remarks On Biotelemetry Techniques And Immature Plumages. Wilson Bull. 76:121-137.
035	Chura, N.J. and P.A. Stewart. 1967. Care, Food Consumption, And Behavior Of Bald Eagles Used In Ddt Tests. Wilson Bull 79:441-448.
036	Mcewan, L.C. and D.H. Hirth. 1979. Southern Bald Eagle Productivity And Nest Site Selection. J. Wildl. Manage. 43(3):585-594.
037	Johnson, J.C., Jr. 1961. Winter Concentration Of Bald Eagles At Grand Lake Oklahoma. S.W. Nat. 6(2):107-108.
038	Parry, G. and R. Putnam. 1979. Birds Of Prey. Simon and Schuster. New York. 120 Pp.
039	Steenhof, K. and J.M. Brown. 1978. Management Of Wintering Bald Eagles. Usdi Fish And Wildl. Serv. Bio. Serv. Program. 59 Pp.
040	Call, M.W. 1979. Habitat Management Guides For Birds Of Prey. U.S. Bur. Land Manage. Tech. Note 338. 70 Pp.
041	Snow,C. 1973. Habitat Management Series For Endangered Species. Report No. 5. Southern Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus Leucocephalus And Northern Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus Alascanus. Tech. Note Usdi, Bur. Land Manage., Denver. 58 Pp.
042	Mathison, J.E. 1968. Effects Of Human Disturbance On Nesting Of Bald Eagles. J. Wildl. Manage. 32:1-6.
043	Stalmaster, M.V. and J.R. Newman. 1978. Behavioral Responses Of Wintering Bald Eagles To Human Activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 42(3): 506-513.
044	Stalmaster, M.V., J.R. Newman, And A.J. Hansen. 1979. Population Dynamics Of Wintering Bald Eagles On The Nooksack River, Washington.N.W. Sci. 53(2):126-131.
045	Imler, R.H. 1937. Bald Eagle Pellets In Kansas Show Rabbits As Principal Food. Condor 39(1):37-38.
046	Whitfield, D.W.A., J.M. Gerrard, W.J. Maker, And D.W. Davis. 1974. Bald Eagle Nesting Habitat, Density, And Reproduction In Central Saskatchewan And Manitoba. Can. Field Nat. 88(4):399-407.
047	Gloyd, H.K. 1925. Field Studies Of The Diurnal Raptors Of Eastern And Central Kansas. Wilson Bull. 37:133-149.
048	Retfalvi, L. 1970. Food Of Nesting Bald Eagles On San Juan Island, Washington. Condor 72:358-361.
049	Murie, O.J. 1940. Food Habits Of The Northern Bald Eagle In The Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Condor 42:198-202.
050	Wright, B.S. 1953. The Relation Of Bald Eagles To Breeding Ducks In New Brunswick. J. Wildl. Manage. 17:55-62.
051	The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
052	Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
053	Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
054	Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp.
055	Griffin, C.R. 1981. Interactive Behavior Among Bald Eagles Wintering In North-Central Missouri. Wilson Bull. 93:259-264.
056	U.S. Fish and Wildl. Service. 1983. Northern States Bald Eagle Recovery Plan. 124 Pp. Plan Approved 7-29-83.
057	Griffin, C.R. and T.S. Baskett. 1985. Food Availability And Winter Range Sizes Of Immature And Adult Bald Eagles. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(3):592-594.
058	Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1986. Management Of Old Growth Forests In Missouri. Habitat Management Series No. 3. 16 Pp.
059	Smith, J.W. 1987. An Evaluation Of The Effects Of Wetland Management/Greentree Reservoir Management On Birds At The Ted Shanks Wildlife Management Area. Mo Dept. Conserv. P-R Proj. W-13-R-40, Study No. 50, Job No. 2 and 3.
060	Paruk, J.D. 1987. Habitat Utilization By Bald Eagles Wintering Along The Mississippi River. Trans. Il. Acad. Sci. 80:333-
061	Unpb Wilson, J.D. and B. Jacobs. 1988. The Distribution And Breeding Status Of The Birds Of Missouri (Preliminary Report). Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
062	Buehler, D.A., T.J. Mersmann, J.D. Fraser and J.K.D. Seegar. 1991. Effects Of Human Activity On Bald Eagle Distribution On The Northern Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:282-290.
063	Buehler, D.A., T.J. Mersmann, J.D. Fraser and J.K.D. Seegar. 1991. Nonbreeding Bald Eagle Communal And Solitary Roosting Behavior And Roost Habitat On The Northern Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:273-281.
064	Mcgarigal, K. R.G. Anthony and F.B. Isaacs. 1991. Interactions Of Humans And Bald Eagles On The Columbia River Estuary. Wildl. Monogr. 115. 47 Pp.
065	Stalmaster, M.W. and R.G. Plettner. 1992. Diets And Foraging Effectiveness Of Bald Eagles During Extreme Winter Weather In Nebraska. J. Wildl. Manage. 56:355-367.
066	Grubb, T.G., W.W. Bowerman, J.P. Giesy and G.A. Dawson. 1992. Responses Of Breeding Bald Eagles, Haliaeetus Leucocephalis, To Human Activities In Northcentral Michigan. Can. Field-Nat. 106:443-453.
067	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
068	Grubb, T.G. 1995. Constructing Bald Eagle Nests With Natural Materials. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note Rm-Rn-535,
069	Mccollough, M.A., C.S. Todd and R.B. Owen. 1994. Supplemental Feeding Program For Wintering Bald Eagles In Maine. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22:147-154.
070	Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
071	Unpb Knutson, M.K. 1995. Birds Of Large Floodplain Forests: Local And Regional Habitat Associations On The Upper Mississippi River. Ph.D. Diss., Iowa State Univ., Ames. 128 Pp.
072	Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
073	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2010. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 53 Pp.
074	Unpb Ehrhardt, E. 1996. Abundance And Distribution Of Waterbirds On Three Habitats Of Missouri River Floodplain Following A Major Flood. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 126 Pp.
075	Stalmaster, M.V. and J.L. Kaiser. 1998. Effects Of Recreational Activity On Wintering Bald Eagles. Wildl. Monogr. 137. 46 Pp.
076	Lang, A.L., R.A. Andress and P.A. Martin. 1999. Prey Remains In Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus Leucocephalus, Pellets From A Winter Roost In The Upper St. Lawrence River, 1996 And 1997. Can. Field-Nat. 113(4):621-626.
077	Humburg, D.D., K. Bataille, D.L. Helmers and D.A. Brunet. 1999. Wetland Ecology Studies In The Missouri River Floodplain: Evaluation Of Seasonal Habitat Use By Waterbirds On The Missouri River Floodplain Mo Dept. Conserv. Final Rept. Proj. W-13-R-53, Study 18, Job 4. 130 Pp.
078	Stocek, R.F. 2000. Diet Of Wintering Bald Eagles, Haliaeetus Leucocephalus, In New Brunswick. Can. Field-Nat. 115:605-611.
079	Milsap, B., T. Breen, L. McConnell, T. Steffer, L. Phillips, N. Douglas, and S. Taylor. 2001. Comparitive fecundity and survival of bald eagles fledged from suburban and rural natal areas. Florida Fish and Wildl. Cons. Comm., Bureau of Wildl. Diversity Conservation. Study No. III-1-7. 62p.
080	Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C.Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz and K.Winker. 2010. 51st Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 127(3):726-744.