Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: HERON, BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: PELECANIFORMES

Family: ARDEIDAE

Genus: NYCTICORAX

Species: NYCTICORAX

SubSpecies: HOACTLI

Taxonomic Authority: (GMELIN)

Taxonomy References: 002 , 043

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G5

Status References: 021 , 027 , 039

Habitat Summary

"Inhabit bottomland forest, marshes, shrubs, thickets, tall grass, upland orchards and second-growth timber. Close proximity to good foraging areas (marshy areas and pastures) is required."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland matrix"

References: 017 , 019 , 020 , 018

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Uncommon transient, uncommon summer resident in southeast, rare elsewhere. Accidental winter resident *01*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
ADAIR ATCHISON
ANDREW AUDRAIN
BATES BARRY
BOLLINGER BARTON
BOONE BENTON
BUCHANAN BUTLER
CAMDEN CALDWELL
CAPE GIRARDEAU CALLAWAY
CHARITON CARROLL
CLINTON CARTER
CRAWFORD CASS
DAVIESS CEDAR
HOLT CHRISTIAN
JACKSON CLARK
LINN CLAY
LIVINGSTON COLE
MACON COOPER
MISSISSIPPI DADE
NEWTON DALLAS
NODAWAY DEKALB
PEMISCOT DENT
PERRY DOUGLAS
PIKE DUNKLIN
RALLS FRANKLIN
RANDOLPH GASCONADE
RAY GENTRY
SALINE GREENE
SCOTT GRUNDY
SHANNON HARRISON
ST. CHARLES HENRY
ST. CLAIR HICKORY
ST. LOUIS HOWARD
STODDARD HOWELL
VERNON IRON
WAYNE JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MERCER
MILLER
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEW MADRID
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PETTIS
PHELPS
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SHELBY
ST. FRANCOIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 015 , 016 , 029 , 030 , 036 , 038 , 014 , 001 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013

Distribution by Watersheds

South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Marais Des Cygnes from Headwaters to Little Osage R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
Black R.
Current R.
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Palustrine

Aquatic Associations:

"Lacustrine, littoral", "Emergent"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, algal"
"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent",
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent",
"Palustrine", "Emergent, nonpersistent"
"Palustrine", "Forested, broad-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, broad-leaved deciduous"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, mud"
"Palustrine", "Unconsolidated shore, organic"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Aquatic bed, floating vascular"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"
"Riverine, intermittent", "Streambed, bedrock"

References for Aquatic Associations: 017 , 019 , 020 , 031 , 037 , 041 , 018

Habitat Types:

Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Marsh
Fruiting Tree-Shrub
Immature Hardwoods (Poles/Saplings, 3-9" dbh)

References for Habitat Types: 017 , 019 , 020 , 022 , 018

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Upland forest
Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh
Ground Water Seepage
Fen
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp
Shrub Swamp
Pond Shrub Swamp

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 017 , 019 , 020 , 022 , 018

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Clupeiformes (herrings); Not Specified
Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, suckers); Not Specified
Perciformes (bass, sunfishes, perches, drums, sculpins); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Testudines (turtles); Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 017 , 020

Adult Food Habits

Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Larva stage
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Larva stage
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Caudata (salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, sirens); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Not Specified
Crustaceans; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Algae; Not Specified
Oligochaetes (earthworms); Not Specified
Molluscs; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Adult Stage

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 020 , 018

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: marsh
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 017 , 019 , 020 , 033

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: reeds
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Shrubs

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 017 , 019 , 020 , 018

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: smartweed (Polygonum)
Aquatic vegetation: burreed (Sparganium)
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Aquatic vegetation: water lily (Nymphaea)
Aquatic vegetation: reeds
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Water level: seasonally flooded
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: fen
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous wetland
Size of continuous wetland specified in comments(00366)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Shrubs
Windbreaks specified in comments(00673)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 017 , 019 , 020 , 028 , 032 , 033 , 035 , 041 , 018

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 017 , 019 , 020 , 040 , 042

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for resting adult niche requirements: 017 , 019 , 020 , 018

Niche Requirement Summary

Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Aquatic vegetation: burreed (Sparganium)
Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: reeds
Aquatic vegetation: smartweed (Polygonum)
Aquatic vegetation: water lily (Nymphaea)
Aquatic vegetation: willow (Salix)
Floodplain specified in comments(00220)
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous wetland
Inland wetlands: fen
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Shrubs
Size of continuous wetland specified in comments(00366)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: seasonally flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Windbreaks specified in comments(00673)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
037 Move north after nesting season before migrating south *17*
015 Nest material varies according to nesting habitat *18*
016 Nest diameter approximately 20" *19*
017 Incubation 24-26 days *17,19*
019 Usually 1 brood,occasionally 2 *19*
034 Limiting factor - suitable foraging areas *17*.
018 Clutch size 3-7 *17* usually 4-5 *17,19* sometimes 1 or 2 *19*. In WA and or, clutch size 2-5, second clutches were fairly common, up to 4 were observed *41*.
022 Most breed at 2 or 3 years of age *19* occasionally breed at 1 year *17,19*
027 Initial territory defended by male shrinks to just a few feet around nest which is defended by pair *18*
031 Mortality of young 61% in 1st year, mortality of adults approximately 27% *17*. In VA survival rate .8-1.0 from 2 weeks of age until dispersal; survival after leaving colony was .25-.6 *34*. In WA and or the average number of young surviving to 14 days was .47-1.94 among five colonies *41*.
033 Arrive in IL in March or early April, leave in September or October *17* presumably migrate at night *17*
099 Nest in either mixed or conspecific colonies *19,17*. Are the most adaptable of the herons *19*. Juveniles fledge and leave colony at 53-58 days *33*. Nest success among 5 colonies in WA and or was 12-73% *41*.
011 In mixed-species colonies with low vegetation, usually nest on ground *25*
014 Nest on ground up to 160' high *18,19* in IL, usually nest 8-14 m. High *17*. In or and WA, nest height was 1-9 m in willow and mulberry *41*.

Life History Information

Territoriality: defends feeding territory
Territory size specified in comments(027)
Periodicity: active at night
Periodicity: active at dawn or dusk
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Foraging strategy: stalking
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: water
Nest/den site: on the ground
Nest/den site: shrubs
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site: emergent aquatic vegetation
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials: leaves
Nest materials specified in comments(015)
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litters per year specified in comments(019)
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Territoriality: defends breeding and nesting territory

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
037 Move north after nesting season before migrating south *17*
015 Nest material varies according to nesting habitat *18*
016 Nest diameter approximately 20" *19*
017 Incubation 24-26 days *17,19*
019 Usually 1 brood,occasionally 2 *19*
034 Limiting factor - suitable foraging areas *17*.
018 Clutch size 3-7 *17* usually 4-5 *17,19* sometimes 1 or 2 *19*. In WA and or, clutch size 2-5, second clutches were fairly common, up to 4 were observed *41*.
022 Most breed at 2 or 3 years of age *19* occasionally breed at 1 year *17,19*
027 Initial territory defended by male shrinks to just a few feet around nest which is defended by pair *18*
031 Mortality of young 61% in 1st year, mortality of adults approximately 27% *17*. In VA survival rate .8-1.0 from 2 weeks of age until dispersal; survival after leaving colony was .25-.6 *34*. In WA and or the average number of young surviving to 14 days was .47-1.94 among five colonies *41*.
033 Arrive in IL in March or early April, leave in September or October *17* presumably migrate at night *17*
099 Nest in either mixed or conspecific colonies *19,17*. Are the most adaptable of the herons *19*. Juveniles fledge and leave colony at 53-58 days *33*. Nest success among 5 colonies in WA and or was 12-73% *41*.
011 In mixed-species colonies with low vegetation, usually nest on ground *25*
014 Nest on ground up to 160' high *18,19* in IL, usually nest 8-14 m. High *17*. In or and WA, nest height was 1-9 m in willow and mulberry *41*.

References for life history: 017 , 019 , 020 , 024 , 025 , 033 , 034 , 041 , 018 , 001

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Shrub/brush - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Shrub/brush - maintain riparian habitats
Shrub/brush - maintain streamside vegetation
Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - control water levels
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - restrict human disturbance
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streambanks
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Grassland - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Grassland - maintain riparian habitats
Grassland - maintain streamside vegetation

Beneficial Management References: 017 , 019 , 026 , 018

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of herbicides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - control aquatic plants
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Forest - application of herbicides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Grassland - application of herbicides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides

Adverse Management References: 017 , 019 , 026 , 018 , 004

Comments on Management:
Beneficial to maintain wetlands *17,18,19*. Numbers have been reduced by clearing and draining land, logging, and real estate development *18*

References for Management Comments: 017 , 019 , 018

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
002 American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
004 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
005 Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2.
006 Anderson, R. and P. Bauer. 1968. A Guide To Finding Birds In The St. Louis Area. Webster Groves Nature Study Society. 44 Pp.
007 Kelly, J. and C. Hobbs (Compilers). 1978. Bird Checklist, Greater Kansas City Area. Burroughs Audubon Society Of Kansas City (Publishers).
008 Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
009 Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
010 Birds Of Mingo National Wildlife Refuge.1970.Department Of The Interior Fish And Wildlife Service.Bureau Of Sport Fisheries And Wildlife.Refuge Leaflet 179-R3.
011 Unpb Breeding Bird Survey. J.D. Wilson, Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)-751-4115.
012 Robbins, M. 1975. Additions To 1975 Fall Survey. Bluebird 42(3):11.
013 Anderson, D. 1973. Fall Survey. Bluebird 40(1):6-9
014 Robbins, M. 1977. Fall Survey. Bluebird 44(3):19-23.
015 Comfort, J.R. 1975. Missouri Christmas Bird Count 1974. Bluebird 42(1):9-15.
016 Anderson, D. 1974. Summer Survey. Bluebird 41(4): 6-7.
017 Graber, J.W., R.R. Graber and E.L. Kirk 1978. Illinois Birds: Ciconiiformes. IL Nat. Hist. Survey Biol. Notes No. 109. 80 Pp.
018 Palmer, R.S. (Ed.) 1962. Handbook Of North American Birds, Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press. New Haven and London. 567 Pp.
019 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
020 Bent, A.C. 1927. Life Histories Of North American Marsh Birds. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 135. 385 Pp.
021 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
022 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
023 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
024 Kushlan, J.A. 1976. Feeding Behavior Of North American Herons. Auk 93:86-94.
025 Burger, J. 1979. Resource Partitioning: Nest Site Selection In Mixed Species Colonies Of Herons, Egrets, And Ibises. Amer. Midl. Nat. 101(1):191-210.
026 Unpb Fredrickson, L.H. Univ. Of Mo Gaylord Research Lab. Puxico, Mo 63960 (573-222-3203).
027 Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
028 Brown, M. and J.J. Dinsmore. 1986. Implications Of Marsh Size And Isolation For Marsh Bird Management. J. Wildl. Manage. 50(3):392-397.
029 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
030 Unpb Wilson, J.D. and B. Jacobs. 1988. The Distribution And Breeding Status Of The Birds Of Missouri (Preliminary Report). Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
031 Gates, R.J. and A. Woolf. 1992. Ecology Of Waterfowl In Northeastern Illinois. Il Dept. Of Conservation. Final Report. Project W-102-R(Si). 206 Pp.
032 Best, L.B., K.E. Freemark, J.J. Dinsmore and M. Camp. 1995. A Review And Synthesis Of Habitat Use By Breeding Birds In Agricultural Landscapes In Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 134:1-29.
033 Erwin, R.M., J.G. Haig, D.B. Stotts and J.S. Hatfield. 1996. Dispersal And Habitat Use By Post-Fledging Juvenile Snowy Egrets And Black-Crowned Night Herons. Wilson Bull. 108(2):342-356.
034 Erwin, R.M., J.G. Haig, D.B. Stotts and J.S. Hatfield. 1996. Reproductive Success, Growth And Survival Of Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax Nycticorax) And Snowy Egret (Egretta Thula) Chicks In Coastal Virginia. Auk 113(1):119-130.
035 Jacobs, K.J., J.P. Dunn, F.E. Hartman and A.J. Nastase. 1993. Effects Of Management Practices Upon Waterfowl Abundance, Usage, And Marsh Ecology In State Game Lands. Pa Game Comm., Final Report For Project 06510, Job 51005. 26 Pp
036 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
037 Anderson, J.T., T.C. Tacha, G.T. Muehl and D. Lobpries. 1996. Wetland Use By Waterbirds That Winter In Coastal Texas. Nat. Biol. Serv. Information and Technology Report 8. 40 Pp.
038 Unpb Sargent, J.C. 1996. The Importance Of Managed Wetlands As Fish Nursery Habitat In The Lower Missouri River Floodplain. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 318 Pp.
039 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 51 Pp.
040 Unpb Ehrhardt, E. 1996. Abundance And Distribution Of Waterbirds On Three Habitats Of Missouri River Floodplain Following A Major Flood. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 126 Pp.
041 Blus, L.J., B.A. Rattner, M.J. Melancon and C.J. Henny. 1997. Reproduction Of Black-Crowned Night Herons Related To Predation And Contaminants In Oregon And Washington, Usa. Colonial Waterbirds 20(2):185-197.
042 Humburg, D.D., K. Bataille, D.L. Helmers and D.A. Brunet. 1999. Wetland Ecology Studies In The Missouri River Floodplain: Evaluation Of Seasonal Habitat Use By Waterbirds On The Missouri River Floodplain Mo Dept. Conserv. Final Rept. Proj. W-13-R-53, Study 18, Job 4. 130 Pp.
043 Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C.Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz and K.Winker. 2010. 51st Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 127(3):726-744.