Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: KITE, MISSISSIPPI

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: ACCIPITRIFORMES

Family: ACCIPITRIDAE

Genus: ICTINIA

Species: MISSISSIPPIENSIS

Taxonomic Authority: (WILSON)

Taxonomy References: 031 , 032 , 033 , 002 , 052

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G5

Status References: 025 , 046 , 012 , 050

Habitat Summary

"Occur in swamps and large tracts of open bottomland forests with tall trees. Nest trees average 29\" dbh and 121' tall. Forage along forest edge or in open land."

Primary Habitat: "Forest - bottomland"

References: 021 , 022 , 001

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Rare summer resident in southeast, casual transient and summer visitant *47*. Occurrence usually associated with eastern border and southeast corner of state. Rarely in southwest corner *01*. Has been identified as a \"species of management concern\" regarding viability of populations in the midwest *46*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
BARRY ADAIR
BOLLINGER ANDREW
BUCHANAN ATCHISON
CAPE GIRARDEAU AUDRAIN
CHRISTIAN BARTON
CLAY BATES
DUNKLIN BENTON
GREENE BOONE
GRUNDY BUTLER
HOLT CALDWELL
JASPER CALLAWAY
LAWRENCE CAMDEN
MISSISSIPPI CARROLL
NEW MADRID CARTER
PEMISCOT CASS
PERRY CEDAR
PIKE CHARITON
POLK CLARK
RALLS CLINTON
SCOTT COLE
ST. CHARLES COOPER
ST. FRANCOIS CRAWFORD
ST. LOUIS DADE
STODDARD DALLAS
SULLIVAN DAVIESS
VERNON DEKALB
WAYNE DENT
DOUGLAS
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MERCER
MILLER
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PETTIS
PHELPS
PLATTE
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SHANNON
SHELBY
ST. CLAIR
STE. GENEVIEVE
STONE
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 029 , 036 , 037 , 040 , 042 , 046 , 047 , 049 , 001 , 003 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 012 , 004 , 008 , 011

Distribution by Watersheds

Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
Black R.
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Palustrine

Aquatic Associations:

"Palustrine", "Forested"

References for Aquatic Associations: 018 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 015 , 017 , 019

Habitat Types:

Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
Cereal Grain
Perennial Grass (cool-season)
Savanna (Grass-Shrub)
Edge (Forest-Field)

References for Habitat Types: 018 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 026 , 015 , 017 , 019

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Bottomland Forest
Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Flatwoods
Savanna
Mesic Savanna
Wet-Mesic Savanna
Limestone/Dolomite Savanna
Chert Savanna
Sandstone Savanna
Sand Savanna
Igneous Savanna
Prairie
Wetland
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 018 , 026 , 035 , 036 , 037 , 043

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 030 , 035 , 001

Adult Food Habits

Hemiptera (water bugs, water boatmen, stink bugs); Not Specified
Homoptera (cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scale insects); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Chiroptera (bats); Not Specified
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
See comments on seasonal variation; Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Sauria (lizards, skinks); Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 021 , 022 , 024 , 030 , 035 , 039 , 013 , 014 , 015 , 016 , 017 , 019

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 018 , 021 , 030 , 015 , 019

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Human association specified in comments(00690)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 018 , 022 , 015 , 016 , 017 , 019

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Forest openings (clearings, treefall gaps, etc.)
Distance to forest opening specified in comments(00390)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Human association specified in comments(00690)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 018 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 035 , 036 , 037 , 044 , 045 , 013 , 016 , 017 , 051 , 019

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Floodplain
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Snags
Agricultural crops: small grains

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 018 , 021 , 030 , 034 , 035 , 001 , 015 , 019

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Floodplain
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Snags
Agricultural crops: small grains

References for resting adult niche requirements: 018 , 022 , 023 , 030 , 035 , 015 , 016 , 017 , 019

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops: small grains
Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Canopy height specified in comments(00575)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Dbh of overstory trees specified in comments(00592)
Distance to forest opening specified in comments(00390)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Edge: edge specified in comments(00350)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Floodplain
Forest openings (clearings, treefall gaps, etc.)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Human association specified in comments(00690)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: swamp
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Snags
Snags specified in comments(00510)
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Windbreaks specified in comments(00673)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
028 In MO study, average home range was 1600 ha *44*
007 In IL, breeding season May-August *35* may mate before or during northward migration *17*. In KS breed April 20 - June 10. Peak egg laying 1st week May *20*. In KS eggs may hatch approximately mid-June *19*. General egg dates mid-March to mid-June *22*
009 In IL, adults appeared paired upon arrival at nesting grounds *35*
011 In MO study, most nests in uppermost crotches of cottonwood trees *37*
013 May reuse old nest each year *17,19,21,22,23,28*. In MO study, approximately 20% of nests were reoccupied from one year to the next *44*
014 In OK nest height 10-15ft. Above ground *17*. Nest height 30-135' *24*. Nest height 12-130' *28*. In KS most nests approximately 35' above ground *20*. In MO study, mean nest height 108.2' *36*. In another MO study, nest height averaged 30.1 m *44*
016 In OK nest dimensions approximately 13.5" x 9", and 5" deep *17*. In KS average nest size 26.9 x 23.6 cm., and 12.9 cm. Deep *23*. Nests approximately 25" in diameter *22*. Nests 10-25" in outside diameter *28*. Nests may average 14" long, 11" wide, and 5" deep *21*. In IL study, average nest dimensions were 27.2 cm wide by 34.6 cm long by 14.7 cm deep *35*
017 Incubation period 30-32 days (il) *35*, 29-31 days (ok) *17*. 29-31 days *24*, 31-32 days *22,28*, 30 days *21*.
018 Clutch size 1-2 eggs *22,28,35*, 1-3 *16,24*, usually 2 *16,21*. In OK and KS average clutch size 2 *17,19,20,23*.
026 In IL study, no territoriality against conspecifics seen, but defended nest against other raptors and humans *35*
030 In IL study, were most active from 1000-1300 and 1400-1530 hours *35*
031 In KS adult mortality 10 % annually *23*
033 May leave u.s. Between end of August and late September, and return from April to 3rd week in May *13*. In OK may return early May - mid-May *17*. In TX arrive mid to late May and leave late August to early September *18*. In KS arrive 2nd week of in May and leave early September *19*. Immatures arrive on nesting ground 1 month later and leave 1 month earlier than adults *35*
034 Availability of trees may be a limiting factor *19*. Other limiting factors include food supply and poor hatching success *35*
035 Nestling mortality due to predation and severe weather *35*. Predators include raccoons, horned owls, hawks, squirrels, crows, and blue jays *21,23*
099 In IL study, young fledged at 31-40 days, average 34 days. In same study, overall productivity was .61 birds/nest. Yearly nest success 25-100%, average 62% 5-year span 61%. *35*. In AZ study, nest success was .6 fledglings / per nest attempt *39*
005 Perch on snags to spot prey *34*
022 In KS may nest as yearlings *23*

Life History Information

Territoriality: non-territorial
Territoriality specified in comments(026)
Home range size specified in comments(028)
Periodicity: active in day
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Seasonal distribution in state: neotropical migrants
Foraging strategy: hawking
Foraging strategy: flycatching
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: air
Foraging sites: snags
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Duration of pair bond: pair for life
Duration of pair bond specified in comments(009)
Display site: air
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials: leaves
Nest materials: moss
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
028 In MO study, average home range was 1600 ha *44*
007 In IL, breeding season May-August *35* may mate before or during northward migration *17*. In KS breed April 20 - June 10. Peak egg laying 1st week May *20*. In KS eggs may hatch approximately mid-June *19*. General egg dates mid-March to mid-June *22*
009 In IL, adults appeared paired upon arrival at nesting grounds *35*
011 In MO study, most nests in uppermost crotches of cottonwood trees *37*
013 May reuse old nest each year *17,19,21,22,23,28*. In MO study, approximately 20% of nests were reoccupied from one year to the next *44*
014 In OK nest height 10-15ft. Above ground *17*. Nest height 30-135' *24*. Nest height 12-130' *28*. In KS most nests approximately 35' above ground *20*. In MO study, mean nest height 108.2' *36*. In another MO study, nest height averaged 30.1 m *44*
016 In OK nest dimensions approximately 13.5" x 9", and 5" deep *17*. In KS average nest size 26.9 x 23.6 cm., and 12.9 cm. Deep *23*. Nests approximately 25" in diameter *22*. Nests 10-25" in outside diameter *28*. Nests may average 14" long, 11" wide, and 5" deep *21*. In IL study, average nest dimensions were 27.2 cm wide by 34.6 cm long by 14.7 cm deep *35*
017 Incubation period 30-32 days (il) *35*, 29-31 days (ok) *17*. 29-31 days *24*, 31-32 days *22,28*, 30 days *21*.
018 Clutch size 1-2 eggs *22,28,35*, 1-3 *16,24*, usually 2 *16,21*. In OK and KS average clutch size 2 *17,19,20,23*.
026 In IL study, no territoriality against conspecifics seen, but defended nest against other raptors and humans *35*
030 In IL study, were most active from 1000-1300 and 1400-1530 hours *35*
031 In KS adult mortality 10 % annually *23*
033 May leave u.s. Between end of August and late September, and return from April to 3rd week in May *13*. In OK may return early May - mid-May *17*. In TX arrive mid to late May and leave late August to early September *18*. In KS arrive 2nd week of in May and leave early September *19*. Immatures arrive on nesting ground 1 month later and leave 1 month earlier than adults *35*
034 Availability of trees may be a limiting factor *19*. Other limiting factors include food supply and poor hatching success *35*
035 Nestling mortality due to predation and severe weather *35*. Predators include raccoons, horned owls, hawks, squirrels, crows, and blue jays *21,23*
099 In IL study, young fledged at 31-40 days, average 34 days. In same study, overall productivity was .61 birds/nest. Yearly nest success 25-100%, average 62% 5-year span 61%. *35*. In AZ study, nest success was .6 fledglings / per nest attempt *39*
005 Perch on snags to spot prey *34*
022 In KS may nest as yearlings *23*

References for life history: 018 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 024 , 028 , 030 , 034 , 035 , 036 , 037 , 039 , 044 , 013 , 016 , 017 , 019

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Agricultural - develop and maintain food plots
Agricultural - maintain riparian habitats
Agricultural - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Agricultural - maintain habitat diversity
Agricultural - retention of crop residue over winter
Agricultural - develop/maintain hedgerows
Agricultural - no-till farming
Agricultural - develop/maintain grass waterways
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Grassland - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Grassland - maintain habitat diversity

Beneficial Management References: 030 , 035 , 041 , 001

Adverse Managment Practices:

Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Agricultural - control of undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)
Agricultural - control of undesirable vertebrate species (coyotes, gophers, etc.)
Forest - application of herbicides
Forest - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides
Grassland - control of undesirable invertebrate species (beetles, grasshoppers)
Grassland - control of undesirable vertebrate species (coyotes, gophers)

Adverse Management References: 030 , 035 , 036

Comments on Management:
Management should focus on preserving existing habitat and its structural diversity *36*. Should protect streambank and forest trees, prohibit pesticides and limit herbicides to areas of row crops. Mow levees only once in late summer, and establish uncultivated or fallow fields near known nest sites *35*. Should preserve large unfragmented blocks of bottomland forests and avoid forestry practices that fragment forests or decrease the amount of tall tree islands present *44*. In areas with low abundance, creating grassy open areas adjacent to forest is beneficial. Openings within flooplain forests enhance habitat *48*.

References for Management Comments: 035 , 036 , 044 , 048

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
002 American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
003 Unpb Breeding Bird Survey. 1972,1975. J.D. Wilson. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. P.O. Box 180 Jefferson City, Mo 65102 (573-751-4115).
004 Kleen, V.M. 1975. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 29(5):978-983.
005 Kleen, V.M. 1976. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 30(5):961-965.
006 Kleen, V.M. 1977. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 31(2):182-186.
007 Kleen, V.M. 1979. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 33(5):775-778.
008 Anderson, D. 1976. Summer Survey. Bluebird 43(1):22-24
009 Robbins, M. 1977. Summer Survey. Bluebird 44(4):29-31.
010 Robbins, M. 1978. Fall Survey. Bluebird 45(1):23-29.
011 Robbins, M. 1978. Summer Survey. Bluebird 45(4):10-15.
012 The Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
013 Eisenmann, E. 1963. Mississippi Kite In Argentina : With Comments On Migration And Plumage In The Genus Ictinia. Auk 80:74-77.
014 Parker, J.W. 1977. Second Record Of The Mississippi Kite In Guatemala. Auk 94:168-169.
015 Skinner, R.W. 1962. Feeding Habits Of The Mississippi Kite. Auk 79:273-274.
016 Sutton, G.M. 1944. The Kites Of The Genus Ictinia. Wilson Bull. 56(1):3-8.
017 Sutton, G.W. 1939. The Mississippi Kite In Spring. Condor 41:41-53.
018 Allan, P.F. and P.R. Sime. 1943. Distribution And Abundance Of The Mississippi Kite In The Texas Panhandle. Condor 45:110-112.
019 Fitch, H.S. 1963. Observations On The Mississippi Kite In Southwestern Kansas. Univ. Ks Publs. Mus. Nat. Hist. 12(1):503-519.
020 Johnston, R.F. 1964. The Breeding Birds Of Kansas. Univ. Ks Publs. Mus. Nat. Hist. 12(14):575-655.
021 Brown, L. and D. Amadon. 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons Of The World. Vol. 1. Mcgraw-Hill Book Co. Ny, Ny. 414pp.
022 Bent, A.C. 1937. Life Histories Of North American Birds Of Prey. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 167. 409 Pp.
023 Unpb Parker, J.W. 1974. The Breeding Biology Of The Mississippi Kite In The Great Plains. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Ks. 207 Pp.
024 Grossman, M.L. and J. Hamlet. 1964. Birds Of Prey Of The World. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., Publisher. Ny. 496 Pp.
025 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
026 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
027 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
028 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
029 Wilson, J.D. 1983. Fall Survey. Bluebird 50(1): In Press.
030 Unpb Evans, S.A. 1977. Ecology And Behavior Of The Mississippi Kite (Ictinia Mississippiensis) In Southern Illinois. Ma Thesis Southern Il Univ., Carbondale. 116 Pp.
031 American Ornithologists Union. 1973. Thirty-Second Supplement To The A.O.U. Checklist Of North American Birds. Auk 90:411-490.
032 American Ornithologists Union. 1976. Thirty-Third Supplement To The A.O.U. Checklist Of North American Birds. Auk 93:875-879.
033 American Ornithologists Union. 1982. Thirty-fourth Supplement To The A.O.U. Checklist Of North American Birds. Auk 99(3):1-16 Cc.
034 Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp.
035 Unpb Evans, S. 1981. Ecology And Behavior Of The Mississippi Kite (Ictina Mississippiensis) In Southern Illinois. Ms Thesis, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, Il. 116 Pp.
036 Smith, J.W. 1986. Characteristics Of Mississippi Kite Nesting Habitat At Donaldson Point State Forest, Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. Wildl. Res. Rept., Columbia, Mo. 5 Pp.
037 Sweet, M.J. 1985. Mississippi Kite Nest Survey 1985. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. Jefferson City, Mo. 5 Pp.
038 Sweet, M.J. 1985. Mississippi Kite Nest Survey - 1985. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. Jefferson City, Mo. 10 Pp + 31 P. Appendix.
039 Glinski, R.L. and R.D. Ohmart. 1983. Breeding Ecology Of The Mississippi Kite In Arizona. Condor 85:200-207.
040 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
041 Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1986. Management Of Old Growth Forests In Missouri. Habitat Management Series No. 3. 16 Pp.
042 Unpb Wilson, J.D. and B. Jacobs. 1988. The Distribution And Breeding Status Of The Birds Of Missouri (Preliminary Report). Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
043 Kingsley, N.P. and T.H. Nichols. 1992. Raptor Habitat In The Midwest. Midwest Raptor Management Symposium And Workshop. Pp. 185-194.
044 Renken, R.D. and J. Barber. 1992. Mississippi Kite Habitat Use, Reproduction, And Nest Site Fidelity In Southeast Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation P-R Project W-13-R-46, Study No. 25, Job No. 1. 5 Pp.
045 Cable, T.T., R.L. Schroeder, V. Brack, Jr., and P.S. Cook. 1992. Summer Bird Use Of Kansas Windbreaks. Prairie Nat. 24:175-184.
046 Thompson, F.R., S.J. Lewis, J. Green and D. Ewert. 1993. Status Of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds In The Midwest: Identifying Species Of Management Concern. Pp. 145-158 In Finch, D.M. and P.W. Stangel, Eds. Status And Management Of Neotropical Migratory Birds. Sept. 21-25, Estes Park, Co. Gen. Tech. Rep. Rm-229. Fort Collins, Co: Usda, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. 422 Pp.
047 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
048 Robinson, S.K. and J.P. Hoover. 1995. Effects Of Landscape Fragmentation On Migrant Songbirds: Implications For Floodplain Restoration. IL Nat. Hist. Survey. Final Report, Project P-001-W. 150 Pp.
049 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
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