Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: RAIL, KING

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: GRUIFORMES

Family: RALLIDAE

Genus: RALLUS

Species: ELEGANS

Taxonomic Authority: AUDUBON

Taxonomy References: 001

Status

NONGAME
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G4

Status References: 013 , 023 , 033

Habitat Summary

"Inhabit wetlands dominated by sedges, preferrably associated with riverine floodplain systems. Require shallow water or saturated soil."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland - marsh"

References: 005 , 006 , 007 , 009 , 010 , 011

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Rare summer resident, accidental winter resident *02*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
BOLLINGER ADAIR
CAPE GIRARDEAU ANDREW
HOLT ATCHISON
LINCOLN AUDRAIN
PERRY BARRY
PIKE BARTON
PLATTE BATES
SALINE BENTON
SCOTT BOONE
ST. CHARLES BUCHANAN
ST. CLAIR BUTLER
STODDARD CALDWELL
VERNON CALLAWAY
WAYNE CAMDEN
CARROLL
CARTER
CASS
CEDAR
CHARITON
CHRISTIAN
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
COLE
COOPER
CRAWFORD
DADE
DALLAS
DAVIESS
DEKALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
GREENE
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LEWIS
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MERCER
MILLER
MISSISSIPPI
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEW MADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
PETTIS
PHELPS
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RALLS
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SHANNON
SHELBY
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 002 , 003 , 018 , 019 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 029 , 031

Distribution by Watersheds

Wyaconda R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
South Grand R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
Black R.

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Palustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Palustrine", "Aquatic bed, rooted vascular"
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent"
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent",
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent",
"Palustrine", "Emergent, persistent",
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Emergent, nonpersistent",
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Emergent, nonpersistent",
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Emergent, nonpersistent",

References for Aquatic Associations: 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 024 , 032

Habitat Types:

Marsh
Permanent Stream
Cereal Grain

References for Habitat Types: 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 010 , 011 , 024 , 025

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 010 , 011 , 024

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Bivalve molluscs; Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 005 , 006

Adult Food Habits

Cyperaceae (sedge); Fruit/Seeds
Rosaceae (rose, cherry, plum, blackberry); Fruit/Seeds
Polygonaceae (buckwheat, rhubarb, smartweed); Fruit/Seeds
Gramineae (grass); Fruit/Seeds
Rice; Fruit/Seeds
Wild rice; Fruit/Seeds
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Larva stage
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Larva stage
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Larva stage
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Aquatic Insects; Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Shrubs; Not Specified
Aquatic plants; Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
See comments on seasonal variation; Not Specified
Dicotyledoneae (dicots); Not Specified
Snails; Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Not Specified
Malacostraca (lobster, shrimp, crayfish, crabs); Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Adult Stage

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 005 , 006 , 008 , 009 , 016 , 029 , 034

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Water level: saturated
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: ditch
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: mudflats
Agricultural crops: rice
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 017 , 034

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Agricultural crops: rice
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 005 , 007 , 017 , 034

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: sedge (Carex)
Aquatic vegetation: smartweed (Polygonum)
Aquatic vegetation: rushes (Juncus)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: slough, bayou
Inland wetlands: ditch
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to open water (in wetland) specified in comments(00435)
Agricultural crops: rice
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 004 , 005 , 007 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 029 , 030 , 034

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: burreed (Sparganium)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Height of aquatic/emergent vegetation specified in comments(00125)
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Water depth: shallow
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: ditch
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Agricultural crops: rice
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 017 , 034

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: burreed (Sparganium)
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Height of aquatic/emergent vegetation specified in comments(00125)
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Water depth: shallow
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: ditch
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Agricultural crops: rice
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)

References for resting adult niche requirements: 005 , 007 , 017

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Agricultural crops: rice
Aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00120)
Aquatic vegetation: burreed (Sparganium)
Aquatic vegetation: cattail (Typha)
Aquatic vegetation: rushes (Juncus)
Aquatic vegetation: sedge (Carex)
Aquatic vegetation: smartweed (Polygonum)
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Distance to open water (in wetland) specified in comments(00435)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of aquatic/emergent vegetation specified in comments(00125)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: ditch
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: slough, bayou
Natural features: mudflats
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water depth: shallow
Water level: saturated

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
033 Ia height of migration 1st week of May, last seen September 2 *12*. Arrive in KS around April 9 *11*. First observed in IA about May 2 *10*
011 Nests in marsh *035*.
016 Platform nest with outer diameter about 8" *04*. Inner diameter of nest bowl in northeast MO study averaged 21.3 cm (18-25 cm) *34*. In IA, mean dimensions were: height 5.3", inner depth 0.4", outer diameter 11.5", inner diameter 8.4" *10,12*.
031 Survival rate until about 2 weeks of age is about 50% *05*
003 Distribution coincides closely with muskrat, which creates optimum habitat by opening marshes and producing network of pathways *05*.
007 In northeast MO, average date of nest initiation over 5 years was May 29 in AR, nesting season early March-early September, with peak April 15-July 1 *07*. In IA study, 1st egg laid mid-May, last hatched June 23 *12*. In AR, important nesting months- April, May, June *05*.
013 Some return to same territory in successive years *05*.
015 Nest usually of 1-2 species of plant available at site *12*.
017 In northeast MO study, incubation averaged 21 days *34*. Incubation at least 21 days in IA *12,10*, a little more than 22 days in AR *07*, 21-22 days *05*, 21-23 days *04,05,08*
018 Clutch 6-15, typically 10-12 *04,15,05*. In northeast MO clutch size was 8-13, averaged 10.5 *34*. In IA, clutch 8-14, mean 12 *10*. In AR, average clutch 10.7 *07*.
020 Young leave nest soon after hatching *12,08*. Are semi-precocial, remain with brood 6-10 weeks *05*. Pair may remain with brood greater than1 month after hatching *05,06*.
026 Defense intra- and inter-specific *05,17*. In AR, territories consisted of small strips of marsh in ditches. Boundaries are fluid during early pairing activity *17,05*.
030 In northeast MO broods foraged from 6:00-8:00 a.m. And from 6:00-8:00 p.m.; little foraging was seen in the middle of the day *34*.

Life History Information

Territoriality specified in comments(026)
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging strategy: probing
Foraging strategy: stalking
Foraging sites: water
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Nest/den site: floating aquatic vegetation
Nest/den site: emergent aquatic vegetation
Nest/den site: rushes and cattails
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: leaves
Nest materials specified in comments(015)
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Number of broods/litter per year: two
Development of young at birth/hatching specified in comments(020)
Parental care of young: both parents
Territoriality: defends breeding and nesting territory

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
033 Ia height of migration 1st week of May, last seen September 2 *12*. Arrive in KS around April 9 *11*. First observed in IA about May 2 *10*
011 Nests in marsh *035*.
016 Platform nest with outer diameter about 8" *04*. Inner diameter of nest bowl in northeast MO study averaged 21.3 cm (18-25 cm) *34*. In IA, mean dimensions were: height 5.3", inner depth 0.4", outer diameter 11.5", inner diameter 8.4" *10,12*.
031 Survival rate until about 2 weeks of age is about 50% *05*
003 Distribution coincides closely with muskrat, which creates optimum habitat by opening marshes and producing network of pathways *05*.
007 In northeast MO, average date of nest initiation over 5 years was May 29 in AR, nesting season early March-early September, with peak April 15-July 1 *07*. In IA study, 1st egg laid mid-May, last hatched June 23 *12*. In AR, important nesting months- April, May, June *05*.
013 Some return to same territory in successive years *05*.
015 Nest usually of 1-2 species of plant available at site *12*.
017 In northeast MO study, incubation averaged 21 days *34*. Incubation at least 21 days in IA *12,10*, a little more than 22 days in AR *07*, 21-22 days *05*, 21-23 days *04,05,08*
018 Clutch 6-15, typically 10-12 *04,15,05*. In northeast MO clutch size was 8-13, averaged 10.5 *34*. In IA, clutch 8-14, mean 12 *10*. In AR, average clutch 10.7 *07*.
020 Young leave nest soon after hatching *12,08*. Are semi-precocial, remain with brood 6-10 weeks *05*. Pair may remain with brood greater than1 month after hatching *05,06*.
026 Defense intra- and inter-specific *05,17*. In AR, territories consisted of small strips of marsh in ditches. Boundaries are fluid during early pairing activity *17,05*.
030 In northeast MO broods foraged from 6:00-8:00 a.m. And from 6:00-8:00 p.m.; little foraging was seen in the middle of the day *34*.

References for life history: 035 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 007 , 008 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 015 , 017 , 029 , 034

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - control water levels
Water - develop/maintain mudflats
Water - maintain interspersion of emergent vegetation and open water in marshes

Beneficial Management References: 024 , 028 , 034

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - control aquatic plants
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes

Adverse Management References: 024 , 028

Comments on Management:
Drawdowns should be timed so that some water is available through nesting period *09*. In wetland complexes, management units should be drawn down sequentially, with some units left as semi-permanent wetlands. Wetland complexes should include marsh habitats that naturally dry during summer and may include extensive perennial vegetation. *34*. In OH, rails occupied stands of nodding smartweed, wild millet and redroot cyperus in units reflooded with 6-24" water in mid-August *09*. In southeast Missouri , rails and shorebirds selectively attracted to man-made wetlands. Shallow flooding (5-15cm) of moist soil plants in September-October and late March-early may attracted soras and virginia rails, management for spring migrants successful only in vegetative types that provide emergent cover. Plant species composition appeared to have little impact. For spring migrants, need late fall and winter drawdown of early successional annual grasses, or selection of later successional stage sedges, rushes, and woody shrubs. Rail and shorebird management mutually exclusive. Regular use of one impoundment by both rails and shorebirds might be obtained in fall by disking higher elevations of unit and leaving vegetation standing in low areas. If disked portions then flooded to appropriate depth for shorebirds, water depths in lower vegetated portions probably suitable for rails. Late summer flooding for south bound rails effectively set back succession on one plot. Suggested phenologic clues for management in southeast mo: manipulations to attract spring migrants should be underway when eastern cottonwood and red maple reach peak blooming, areas flooded for spring rails can be dewatered when flowering dogwood finished blooming. Impoundments for southbound rails should be flooded as american lotus and trumpet creeper complete blossoming, and can be dewatered when goldenrod blossoms degenerate *27*. In northeast MO, increased nest success was seen for nests in interior of management units without drawdowns *34*. Should maintain hummock/swale topography *29,34* and encourage sedge, grasses and water smartweed where water is 0-25 cm deep *29*. Borrow areas should not be mowed during nesting and brood periods *29,34*.

References for Management Comments: 009 , 027 , 034

References

Reference Code Citation
001 American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
002 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
003 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
004 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
005 Meanley, B. 1969. Natural History Of The King Rail. Usfws. North American Fauna #67. Washington, D.C. 108pp.
006 Meanley, B. 1956. Food Habits Of The King Rail In The Arkansas Rice Fields. Auk 73:252-258.
007 Meanley, B. 1953. Nesting Of The King Rail In The Arkansas Rice Fields. Auk 70(3):261-269.
008 Sanderson, G.C. 1977. Management Of Migratory Shore And Upland Game Birds In North America. Inter. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agency. 358 Pp.
009 Unpb Andrews, D.A. 1973. Habitat Utilization By Sora, Virginia Rails And King Rails Near Southwestern Lake Erie. M.S. Thesis. Ohio State Univ.
010 Unpb Tanner, W.D. 1953. Ecology Of The Virginia And King Rails And The Sora In Clay County Iowa. Ph. D. Thesis. Iowa State College, Ames. 154pp.
011 Unpb Baird, K.E. 1974. A Field Study Of The King, Sora And Virginia Rails At Cheyenne Bottoms In West-Central Kansas. M.S. Thesis. Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays. 39pp.
012 Tanner, W.D., Jr. and G.O. Hendrickson. 1956. Ecology Of The King Rail In Clay County, Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 26:54-56.
013 Missouri Register. Migratory Game Birds And Waterfowl: Seasons, Limits. 3csr 10-7.440.
014 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
015 Meanley, B. 1975. Birds And Marshes Of The Chesapeake Bay Country. Tidewater Publishers, Cambridge, Md. 157pp.
016 Meanley, B. and D.K. Wetherbee. 1962. Ecological Notes On Mixed Populations Of King Rails And Clapper Rails In Delaware Bay Marshes. Auk 79:453-457.
017 Meanley, B. 1957. Notes On The Courtship Behavior Of The King Rail. Auk 74(4):433-440.
018 Birds Of Mingo National Wildlife Refuge.1970.Department Of The Interior Fish And Wildlife Service.Bureau Of Sport Fisheries And Wildlife.Refuge Leaflet 179-R3.
019 Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
020 Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
021 Rising, J., T. Pucci, N. Johnson, and R. Dawson. 1978. Birds Of The Kansas City Area. Burroughs Audubon Soc. Of Kansas City And The Shawnee Mission Environ Sci. Laboratory, Shawnee Mission South High School, KS. 46 Pp.
022 Robbins, M. 1978. Spring Survey. Bluebird 45(3):14-20.
023 Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
024 Unpb Fredrickson, L.H. Univ. Mo. Gaylord Research Lab. Puxico, Mo. 63960. (573)222-3203.
025 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
026 Unpb Reid, F.A. Univ. Of Missouri. 112 Stephens Hall. Columbia, Mo. 65211. (573)882-3436.
027 Unpb Rundle, W.D. 1980. Management, Habitat Selection, And Feeding Ecology Of Migrant Rails And Shorebirds. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Mo, Columbia. 228pp.
028 Unpb Smith, J.W. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
029 Meanley, B. 1992. King Rail (Ralus Elegans). In A. Poole, P. Stettenheim And F. Gill, Eds. The Birds Of North America, No. 3. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. And Amer. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C. 12 Pp.
030 Hohman, W.L., J.L. Moore, T.M. Stark, G.A. Weisbrich and R.A. Coon. 1994. Breeding Waterbird Use Of Louisiana Rice Fields In Relation To Planting Practices. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 48:31-37.
031 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
032 Anderson, J.T., T.C. Tacha, G.T. Muehl and D. Lobpries. 1996. Wetland Use By Waterbirds That Winter In Coastal Texas. Nat. Biol. Serv. Information and Technology Report 8. 40 Pp.
033 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 51 Pp.
034 unpb Reid, F.A. 1989. Differential Habitat Use By Waterbirds In A Managed Wetland Complex. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 270 Pp.
035 Smith, J.W. 1987. An Evaluation Of The Effects Of Wetland Management/Greentree Reservoir Management On Birds At The Ted Shanks Wildlife Management Area. Mo Dept. Conserv. P-R Proj. W-13-R-40, Study No. 50, Job No. 2 and 3.