Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of
Conservation
Common Name: WARBLER, SWAINSON'S
Phylum: CHORDATA
Class: AVES
Order: PASSERIFORMES
Family: PARULIDAE
Genus: LIMNOTHLYPIS
Species: SWAINSONII
Taxonomic Authority: (AUDUBON)
Taxonomy References: 001
NONGAME
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S2
GLOBAL RANK G4
Status References: 005 , 012 , 021 , 022 , 027
"Inhabit bottomland forests with a dense understory of giant cane. Will use sapling to mature forest size classes where overstory tree height is greater than 25'."
Primary Habitat: "Forest - bottomland"
References: 004 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 011
"Rare summer resident in southeast Missouri. *02*. Has been identified as a \"species of management concern\" regarding viability of populations in the midwest *22*."
| Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUTLER | BOLLINGER | ADAIR | |||
| CARTER | PEMISCOT | ANDREW | |||
| DUNKLIN | REYNOLDS | ATCHISON | |||
| IRON | RIPLEY | AUDRAIN | |||
| MARIES | BARRY | ||||
| MISSISSIPPI | BARTON | ||||
| NEW MADRID | BATES | ||||
| OREGON | BENTON | ||||
| SHANNON | BOONE | ||||
| ST. LOUIS | BUCHANAN | ||||
| STODDARD | CALDWELL | ||||
| TANEY | CALLAWAY | ||||
| WAYNE | CAMDEN | ||||
| CAPE GIRARDEAU | |||||
| CARROLL | |||||
| CASS | |||||
| CEDAR | |||||
| CHARITON | |||||
| CHRISTIAN | |||||
| CLARK | |||||
| CLAY | |||||
| CLINTON | |||||
| COLE | |||||
| COOPER | |||||
| CRAWFORD | |||||
| DADE | |||||
| DALLAS | |||||
| DAVIESS | |||||
| DEKALB | |||||
| DENT | |||||
| DOUGLAS | |||||
| FRANKLIN | |||||
| GASCONADE | |||||
| GENTRY | |||||
| GREENE | |||||
| GRUNDY | |||||
| HARRISON | |||||
| HENRY | |||||
| HICKORY | |||||
| HOLT | |||||
| HOWARD | |||||
| HOWELL | |||||
| JACKSON | |||||
| JASPER | |||||
| JEFFERSON | |||||
| JOHNSON | |||||
| KNOX | |||||
| LACLEDE | |||||
| LAFAYETTE | |||||
| LAWRENCE | |||||
| LEWIS | |||||
| LINCOLN | |||||
| LINN | |||||
| LIVINGSTON | |||||
| MACON | |||||
| MADISON | |||||
| MARION | |||||
| MCDONALD | |||||
| MERCER | |||||
| MILLER | |||||
| MONITEAU | |||||
| MONROE | |||||
| MONTGOMERY | |||||
| MORGAN | |||||
| NEWTON | |||||
| NODAWAY | |||||
| OSAGE | |||||
| OZARK | |||||
| PERRY | |||||
| PETTIS | |||||
| PHELPS | |||||
| PIKE | |||||
| PLATTE | |||||
| POLK | |||||
| PULASKI | |||||
| PUTNAM | |||||
| RALLS | |||||
| RANDOLPH | |||||
| RAY | |||||
| SALINE | |||||
| SCHUYLER | |||||
| SCOTLAND | |||||
| SCOTT | |||||
| SHELBY | |||||
| ST. CHARLES | |||||
| ST. CLAIR | |||||
| ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
| STE. GENEVIEVE | |||||
| STONE | |||||
| SULLIVAN | |||||
| TEXAS | |||||
| VERNON | |||||
| WARREN | |||||
| WASHINGTON | |||||
| WEBSTER | |||||
| WORTH | |||||
| WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 015 , 002 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 016 , 017 , 019 , 022 , 026
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."
Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.
Palustrine
"Palustrine", "Forested"
"Palustrine", "Scrub/shrub, broad-leaved deciduous"
References for Aquatic Associations: 009
Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Swamp
References for Habitat Types: 013
Forest
Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet Bottomland Forest
Flatwoods
Wetland
Swamps
Swamp
Pond Swamp
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 003 , 004 , 009 , 011 , 013
"Carnivore"
Comments for larval food habits:
""
References for larval food habits:
Juvenile diet similar to adult's; Not Specified
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""
References Juvenile Food Habits 003
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Egg stage
Coleoptera (beetles); Larva stage
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Larva stage
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Larva stage
Insects
Insects; Larva stage
Hemiptera (water bugs, water boatmen, stink bugs); Not Specified
Homoptera (cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scale insects); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Diplopods (millipedes); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Adult Stage
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); All life stages
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 009 , 010 , 011
References for egg niches requirements:
References for feeding larvae niche requirements:
References for resting Larvae niche requirements:
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: seasonally flooded
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Soil type specified in comments(00300)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: subclimax forest
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Downed logs
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 004 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Height of understory specified in comments(00610)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 004 , 008 , 009 , 010
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: seasonally flooded
Water level specified in comments(00180)
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous forested stand
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Successional stage: subclimax forest
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Forest openings specified in comments(00377)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Canopy height specified in comments(00575)
Dbh of overstory trees specified in comments(00592)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Height of understory specified in comments(00610)
Vines: greenbriar
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Grass cover (%) specified in comments(00622)
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 004 , 006 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 018 , 021 , 024 , 025 , 029
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: seasonally flooded
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Successional stage: subclimax forest
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Downed logs
References for feeding adult niche requirements: 004 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 018 , 028
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: seasonally flooded
Floodplain
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Inland wetlands: swamp
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Successional stage: subclimax forest
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Downed logs
References for resting adult niche requirements: 004 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 025
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Canopy height specified in comments(00575)
Dbh of overstory trees specified in comments(00592)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Downed logs
Floodplain
Forest openings specified in comments(00377)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Grass cover (%) specified in comments(00622)
Habitat size dependent on size of continuous forested stand
Height of understory specified in comments(00610)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Inland wetlands: swamp
Inland wetlands: vegetated stream banks
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Natural features: bottomland
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Soil type specified in comments(00300)
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: subclimax forest
Vines: greenbriar
Water level specified in comments(00180)
Water level: seasonally flooded
| Code | Comment |
|---|---|
| 003 | Canebrakes prime and classic habitat *04,08,09,10,11*. Sweetgum, oak, ash, elm, greenbriar, and blackberry *031*. |
| 016 | Nest dimensions 18x16 cm, cup depth 5 cm *21*. |
| 027 | In GA, bachelor male defended area 80 x 50 yards *07*. In GA, territories averaged 1 acre, 9 territories ranged 0.3-4.8 acres. Where prime habitat spotty, may be up to 6 acres. Territories larger during first few days after arrival. May occupy split territory in discontinuous habitat *10*. Territories vary with density of birds: single pair territory may be 5 acres, and may be 4 territories/7 acres in other areas *06*. Average territory size in MO and IL 0.9 ha, 0.4-1.8 ha *04* |
| 031 | Nesting success seems low, 3/16 nests successful in GA study *10*, and 5/15 successful in another GA study *06*. In MO study production averaged 2.2 fledglings per nest *24*. |
| 033 | In MO and IL, arrival date mid April, have left by October 1 *04* |
| 035 | Nests vulnerable to predators (snakes and mammals) and flooding *06,10*. Flooding during nesting season often devastating *10,09* |
| 099 | Nestling period 10-12 days *11,06,10*. Most of time, fledglings perched 6-12' from ground in heavy cover *10* |
| 034 | Cowbird parasitism limiting factor*06,10* |
| 005 | When probing shrub strata, probes clusters of dead leaves and axils of cane plants *10*. Male usually uses several foraging areas, which it consistently returns, areas usually less than50 square feet and free of obstruction at and just above ground level *10* |
| 006 | Mostly forages on ground, may forage 2-3' higher in undergrowth *09,07,10* |
| 007 | Nesting in GA and AR started 3 weeks after 1st males arrived *10,06* |
| 010 | In IL, males sang from song perches on edge of dense canebrake or thicket, song perch 0-10.7 m, mean minimum 1.3 m, mean maximum 5.8 m *04,08*. In GA, sang frequently from dead branches at average height of 20' *07*. Also sings from ground *07,09,11* |
| 011 | Characteristic nest site: mass of last year's leaves caught in head of cane or small bush *11,10* |
| 013 | Usually establish territory in same vicinity as previous year *11*. In MO study 27 of 29 canebrakes occupied in 1982 were used again in 1983 *24*. |
| 014 | Nest height 2-10' *11*, 2-6' in GA, average 4' *06,10*. In MO study, nest height .7-4.1 m, averaged 1.5 m *21*. |
| 017 | Incubation 14-15 days *11,06,10* |
| 018 | Clutch 3, occasionally 4 *11,06,10,21,24* |
Territory size specified in comments(027)
Periodicity: active in day
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Seasonal distribution in state: neotropical migrants
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging strategy: probing
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: herbaceous vegetation
Foraging sites: shrubs
Foraging sites: logs
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Display site: ground
Display site: perch
Display site specified in comments(010)
Nest/den site: shrubs
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: forbs
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: leaves
Nest materials: rootlets
Nest materials: moss
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Territoriality: defends entire breeding, feeding, and nesting territory
| Code | Comment |
|---|---|
| 003 | Canebrakes prime and classic habitat *04,08,09,10,11*. Sweetgum, oak, ash, elm, greenbriar, and blackberry *031*. |
| 016 | Nest dimensions 18x16 cm, cup depth 5 cm *21*. |
| 027 | In GA, bachelor male defended area 80 x 50 yards *07*. In GA, territories averaged 1 acre, 9 territories ranged 0.3-4.8 acres. Where prime habitat spotty, may be up to 6 acres. Territories larger during first few days after arrival. May occupy split territory in discontinuous habitat *10*. Territories vary with density of birds: single pair territory may be 5 acres, and may be 4 territories/7 acres in other areas *06*. Average territory size in MO and IL 0.9 ha, 0.4-1.8 ha *04* |
| 031 | Nesting success seems low, 3/16 nests successful in GA study *10*, and 5/15 successful in another GA study *06*. In MO study production averaged 2.2 fledglings per nest *24*. |
| 033 | In MO and IL, arrival date mid April, have left by October 1 *04* |
| 035 | Nests vulnerable to predators (snakes and mammals) and flooding *06,10*. Flooding during nesting season often devastating *10,09* |
| 099 | Nestling period 10-12 days *11,06,10*. Most of time, fledglings perched 6-12' from ground in heavy cover *10* |
| 034 | Cowbird parasitism limiting factor*06,10* |
| 005 | When probing shrub strata, probes clusters of dead leaves and axils of cane plants *10*. Male usually uses several foraging areas, which it consistently returns, areas usually less than50 square feet and free of obstruction at and just above ground level *10* |
| 006 | Mostly forages on ground, may forage 2-3' higher in undergrowth *09,07,10* |
| 007 | Nesting in GA and AR started 3 weeks after 1st males arrived *10,06* |
| 010 | In IL, males sang from song perches on edge of dense canebrake or thicket, song perch 0-10.7 m, mean minimum 1.3 m, mean maximum 5.8 m *04,08*. In GA, sang frequently from dead branches at average height of 20' *07*. Also sings from ground *07,09,11* |
| 011 | Characteristic nest site: mass of last year's leaves caught in head of cane or small bush *11,10* |
| 013 | Usually establish territory in same vicinity as previous year *11*. In MO study 27 of 29 canebrakes occupied in 1982 were used again in 1983 *24*. |
| 014 | Nest height 2-10' *11*, 2-6' in GA, average 4' *06,10*. In MO study, nest height .7-4.1 m, averaged 1.5 m *21*. |
| 017 | Incubation 14-15 days *11,06,10* |
| 018 | Clutch 3, occasionally 4 *11,06,10,21,24* |
References for life history: 031 , 003 , 004 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 021 , 024
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - control grazing of domestic livestock
Forest - prescribed/controlled burning
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - reforestation
Forest - suppression of wildfire
Forest - other (specify in comments)
Beneficial Management References: 003 , 004 , 008
Water - dredging and filling
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Water - greentree reservoir management
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Forest - uncontrolled grazing of domestic livestock
Adverse Management References: 003 , 004 , 008 , 020
Comments on Management:
Inundation of habitat must be seasonal, or giant cane will not persist *08*. A VA study recommended maintaining subsurface water levels from March to September *29*. Create forest openings of 4 ha by clearcutting or thinning overstory to favor regeneration of cane *08,18*. Hot controlled fires can be beneficial (allowing cane to invade), selective cutting should be done October 1 and April 1. To preclude disturbance of nesting, protection of habitat against fire, overgrazing, or prolonged flooding essential *08,18*. Clearing for agriculture eliminates cane permanently, mowing will not kill cane, but reduces culm to unsuitable heights *04*. Source of rhizomes must be nearby to establish new cane stands *04*. Prohibit grazing.*03*. Habitat is probably not a limiting factor in Missouri *21,24*. Management recommendations for southeastern u.s. Included contiguous habitat blocks of at least 2250 ha *23*. Regenerate cane breaks through removal of large trees *031*.
References for Management Comments: 031 , 003 , 004 , 008 , 018 , 021 , 023 , 024 , 029
| Reference Code | Citation |
|---|---|
| 001 | American Ornithologists Union. 1998. Check-List Of North American Birds, 7th Ed. American Orn. Union, Washington, D.C. 829 Pp. |
| 002 | Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri. |
| 003 | Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115. |
| 004 | Unpb Eddleman, W.R. 1978. Selection And Management Of Swainson's Warbler Habitat. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Mo, Columbia. 75 Pp. |
| 005 | The Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp. |
| 006 | Meanley, B. 1969. Pre-Nesting And Nesting Behavior Of Theswainson's Warbler. Wilson Bull. 81:246-257. |
| 007 | Meanley, B. 1945. Notes On Swainson's Warbler In Central Georgia. Auk 62:395-401. |
| 008 | Eddleman, W.R., K.E. Evans and W.H. Elder. 1980. Habitat Characteristics And Management Of Swainson's Warbler In Southern Illinois. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 8:228-233. |
| 009 | Meanley, B. 1966. Some Observations On Habitats Of The Swainson's Warbler. Living Bird 5:151-165. |
| 010 | Meanley, B. 1971. Natural History Of The Swainson's Warbler. Us Bur. Sport Fish. and Wildl. W.A. Fauna 69. 90pp. |
| 011 | Griscom, L. and A. Sprunt, Jr. 1957. The Warblers Of America. Devin-Adair Co., New York. 356 Pp. |
| 012 | The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115. |
| 013 | Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp. |
| 014 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
| 015 | Unpb Breeding Bird Survey. Jim D. Wilson. Mo Dept. Conserv. Po Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115. |
| 016 | Kleen, V.M. 1979. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 33(5):775-778. |
| 017 | Anderson, D. 1973. Fall Survey. Bluebird 40(1):6-9 |
| 018 | Eddleman, W.R., K.E. Evans and W.H. Elder. 1980. Habitat Characteristics And Management Of Swainson's Warbler In Southern Illinois. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 8:228-233. |
| 019 | Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. |
| 020 | Christman, S.P. 1984. Breeding Bird Response To Greentree Reservoir Management. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:1164-1172. |
| 021 | Unpb Thomas, B.G. 1994. Habitat Selection And Breeding Status Of Swainson's Warblers. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri, Columbia. 54 Pp. |
| 022 | Thompson, F.R., S.J. Lewis, J. Green and D. Ewert. 1993. Status Of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds In The Midwest: Identifying Species Of Management Concern. Pp. 145-158 In Finch, D.M. and P.W. Stangel, Eds. Status And Management Of Neotropical Migratory Birds. Sept. 21-25, Estes Park, Co. Gen. Tech. Rep. Rm-229. Fort Collins, Co: Usda, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. 422 Pp. |
| 023 | Hunter, W.C., A.J. Mueller and C.L. Hardy. 1994. Managing For Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers And Neotropical Migrants - Is There A Conflict? Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 48:383-394. |
| 024 | Thomas, B.G., E.P. Wiggers and R.L. Clawson. 1996. Habitat Selection And Breeding Status Of Swainson's Warblers In Southeast Missouri. J. Wildl. Manage. 60(3):611-616. |
| 025 | Robinson, S.K. and J.P. Hoover. 1995. Effects Of Landscape Fragmentation On Migrant Songbirds: Implications For Floodplain Restoration. IL Nat. Hist. Survey. Final Report, Project P-001-W. 150 Pp. |
| 026 | Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp. |
| 027 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 51 Pp. |
| 028 | Graves, G.R. 1998. Stereotyped Foraging Behavior Of The Swainson's Warbler. J. Field Ornith. 69(1):121-127. |
| 029 | Graves, G.R. 2001. Factors Governing The Distribution Of Swainson's Warbler Along A Hydrological Gradient In Great Dismal Swamp. Auk 118(3):650-664. |
| 030 | Kilgo, J.C., R.A. Sargent, B.R. Chapman and K.V. Miller. 1998. Effect Of Stand Width And Adjacent Habitat On Breeding Bird Communities In Bottomland Hardwoods. J. Wildl. Manage. 62(1):72-83. |
| 031 | Somershoe, S.G., S.P. Hudman, and C.R. Chandler. 2003. Habitat use by Swainson's warbler in a managed bottomland forest. Wilson Bull. 115(2): 148-154. |