Common Name: BAT, RAFINESQUE'S BIG-EARED
Phylum: CHORDATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Order: CHIROPTERA
Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE
Genus: CORYNORHINUS
Species: RAFINESQUII
SubSpecies: RAFINESQUII
Taxonomic Authority: LESSON
Taxonomy References: 001 , 003 , 016 , 017
NONGAME
GLOBAL RANK G3G4
STATE RANK SU
Status References: 002 , 012 , 014
"Inhabit caves during winter. In summer, may use hollow trees, loose bark of trees, or buildings."
Primary Habitat: "Cave"
References: 003
"Has been taken in southeast Missouri in spring and possibly occurs during the rest of the year *03*."
Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAPE GIRARDEAU | BARRY | ADAIR | |||
STONE | BOLLINGER | ANDREW | |||
BUTLER | ATCHISON | ||||
CARTER | AUDRAIN | ||||
CHRISTIAN | BARTON | ||||
DENT | BATES | ||||
DOUGLAS | BENTON | ||||
DUNKLIN | BOONE | ||||
GREENE | BUCHANAN | ||||
HOWELL | CALDWELL | ||||
IRON | CALLAWAY | ||||
JEFFERSON | CAMDEN | ||||
LAWRENCE | CARROLL | ||||
MADISON | CASS | ||||
MCDONALD | CEDAR | ||||
MISSISSIPPI | CHARITON | ||||
NEW MADRID | CLARK | ||||
NEWTON | CLAY | ||||
OREGON | CLINTON | ||||
OZARK | COLE | ||||
PEMISCOT | COOPER | ||||
PERRY | CRAWFORD | ||||
REYNOLDS | DADE | ||||
RIPLEY | DALLAS | ||||
SCOTT | DAVIESS | ||||
SHANNON | DEKALB | ||||
ST. FRANCOIS | FRANKLIN | ||||
STE. GENEVIEVE | GASCONADE | ||||
STODDARD | GENTRY | ||||
TANEY | GRUNDY | ||||
TEXAS | HARRISON | ||||
WASHINGTON | HENRY | ||||
WAYNE | HICKORY | ||||
WEBSTER | HOLT | ||||
WRIGHT | HOWARD | ||||
JACKSON | |||||
JASPER | |||||
JOHNSON | |||||
KNOX | |||||
LACLEDE | |||||
LAFAYETTE | |||||
LEWIS | |||||
LINCOLN | |||||
LINN | |||||
LIVINGSTON | |||||
MACON | |||||
MARIES | |||||
MARION | |||||
MERCER | |||||
MILLER | |||||
MONITEAU | |||||
MONROE | |||||
MONTGOMERY | |||||
MORGAN | |||||
NODAWAY | |||||
OSAGE | |||||
PETTIS | |||||
PHELPS | |||||
PIKE | |||||
PLATTE | |||||
POLK | |||||
PULASKI | |||||
PUTNAM | |||||
RALLS | |||||
RANDOLPH | |||||
RAY | |||||
SALINE | |||||
SCHUYLER | |||||
SCOTLAND | |||||
SHELBY | |||||
ST. CHARLES | |||||
ST. CLAIR | |||||
ST. LOUIS | |||||
SULLIVAN | |||||
VERNON | |||||
WARREN | |||||
WORTH |
References for distribution: 001 , 002 , 003 , 013 , 011
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Pomme De Terre R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."
Mississippi River Alluvial Plains
Comments: ""
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.
References for Aquatic Associations:
Mature Shortleaf Pine (open understory)
Shortleaf Pine Old Growth
Limestone Bluff and Cave
Wooded Riparian and Bottomland Hardwood
Mature Shortleaf Pine (dense understory)
Mature Oak-Hickory (9" + dbh, open understory)
Mature Oak-Hickory: (9" + dbh, dense understory)
Oak-Hickory Old Growth
References for Habitat Types: 004
Forest
Upland forest
Bottomland Forest
Dry-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Mesic Bottomland Forest
Wet-Mesic Bottomland Forest
Flatwoods
Caves
Effluent Cave
Influent Cave
Wet Pit Cave
Dry Pit Cave
Dry Cave
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 003 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 004
"Carnivore"
Comments for larval food habits:
""
References for larval food habits:
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""
References Juvenile Food Habits
Insects
Insects; Not Specified
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 006
References for egg niches requirements:
References for feeding larvae niche requirements:
References for resting Larvae niche requirements:
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:
References for resting juvenile niche requirements:
Natural features: caves, dry
Natural features: caves, wet
Human association: houses
Human association: barns/sheds
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 003 , 007 , 008 , 009
References for feeding adult niche requirements:
References for resting adult niche requirements: 015
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Human association specified in comments(00690)
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: houses
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Natural features: caves, dry
Natural features: caves, wet
Code | Comment |
---|---|
007 | Breed in autumn before hibernation and may breed during winter hibernation period *07,08,10* |
017 | Gestation period unknown *07,08, 10* |
018 | 1 young per litter *07,08,10* |
019 | 1 litter per year *10* |
035 | Predators may include snakes, raccoons, opossums, and cats *07, 08,10* |
099 | Young are born May- early June , begin to fly well at approximately 3 weeks of age. Individuals in nursery colonies may cluster tightly together *07,08,10* |
Periodicity: active at night
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging strategy: flycatching
Foraging sites: air
Foraging sites: branches of tree
Foraging sites: leaves of tree
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Nest/den site: cave
Nest/den site: man-made structure
Nest materials: no nest structure
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litters per year specified in comments(019)
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: female
Code | Comment |
---|---|
007 | Breed in autumn before hibernation and may breed during winter hibernation period *07,08,10* |
017 | Gestation period unknown *07,08, 10* |
018 | 1 young per litter *07,08,10* |
019 | 1 litter per year *10* |
035 | Predators may include snakes, raccoons, opossums, and cats *07, 08,10* |
099 | Young are born May- early June , begin to fly well at approximately 3 weeks of age. Individuals in nursery colonies may cluster tightly together *07,08,10* |
References for life history: 003 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010
Protect caves from human disturbance
Shrub/brush - retain snags/cavity trees
Agricultural - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - retain snags/cavity trees
Beneficial Management References: 003
Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Urban - application of pesticides
Urban - application of insecticides
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides
Adverse Management References: 003
Comments on Management:
References for Management Comments:
Reference Code | Citation |
---|---|
001 | Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals Of North America, 2nd Ed. John Wiley And Sons, Inc. New York. 1181pp. |
002 | Rare And Endangered Species Checklist Of Missouri. 1997. MO Dept. Of Conservation. Natural Heritage Database. 33 Pp. |
003 | Schwartz, C.W. and E.R. Schwartz. 2001. The Wild Mammals Of Missouri, 2nd Revised Edition University Of Missouri Press And Mo. Dept. Of Conserv., Columbia, Mo. 368 Pp. |
004 | Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp. |
005 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
006 | Unpb Clawson, R. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. 1110 S. College Ave. Columbia, Mo. 65201 (573-882-9880). |
007 | Jones, C. 1977. Plecotus Rafinesquii.Mammalian Species 69:1-4 |
008 | Hoffmeister, D.F. and W.W. Goodpaster. 1962. Observations On A Colony Of Big-Eared Bats, Plecotus Rafinesquii. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 55:87-89. |
009 | Jegla, T.C. 1963. Notes On Plecotus Rafinequii In Central Kentucky. J. Mammal. 44:119-120. |
010 | Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis. 1969. Bats Of America. Univ. Press Of Kentucky. Lexington. 285 Pp. |
011 | Unpb Elder, W.H., Collection Records. 112 Stephens Hall, Univ. Of Mo., Columbia, Mo. 65211 (573-882-3436) |
012 | The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115. |
013 | Unpb Easterla, D.A. Dept. Of Biology. N.W. Mo St. Univ., Maryville, Mo 64468 (816-582-7141). |
014 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp. |
015 | Lance, R.F., B.T. Hardcastle, A. Talley and P.L. Leberg. 2001. Day-Roost Selection By Rafinesque's Big-Eared Bats (Corynorhinus Rafinesquii) In Louisiana Forest. J. Mammal. 82(1):166-172. |
016 | Smithsonian Institution. 1993. Mammals Species Of The World. Http://Www.Nmnh.Si.Edu/Msw/ (Accessed 8/28/02). |
017 | Baker, R.J., L.C. Bradley, R.D. Bradley, J.W. Dragoo, M.D. Engstrom, R.S. Hoffman, C.A. Jones, F. Reid, D.W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University Number 229. 23p. |
018 | Feldhamer, G.A., T.C. Carter, A.T. Morzillo, and E.H. Nicholson. 2003. Use of bridges as day roosts by bats in southern Illinois. Trans. IL Acad. Sci. 96(2): 107-112. |