Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: CHIPMUNK, EASTERN

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: MAMMALIA

Order: RODENTIA

Family: SCIURIDAE

Genus: TAMIAS

Species: STRIATUS

SubSpecies: GRISEUS

Taxonomic Authority: MEARNS

Taxonomy References: 002

Status

NONGAME
PEST/CROPS

Status References: 001 , 005

Habitat Summary

"Inhabit timber edge and rocky ridges with logs, stumps, rocks, brushpiles, etc. Prefer sparse forb cover and good shrub and evergreen cover."

Primary Habitat: "Savanna/Shrub/Woodland - woodl"

References: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Most common in Ozark highland *01*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
BARRY ADAIR
BOLLINGER ANDREW
BOONE ATCHISON
BUCHANAN AUDRAIN
BUTLER BARTON
CAMDEN BATES
CAPE GIRARDEAU BENTON
CHRISTIAN CALDWELL
CLARK CALLAWAY
COLE CARROLL
CRAWFORD CARTER
DALLAS CASS
DENT CEDAR
DOUGLAS CHARITON
FRANKLIN CLAY
GASCONADE CLINTON
GREENE COOPER
HENRY DADE
HOWELL DAVIESS
IRON DEKALB
JACKSON DUNKLIN
JASPER GENTRY
JEFFERSON GRUNDY
JOHNSON HARRISON
LACLEDE HICKORY
LAFAYETTE HOLT
MACON HOWARD
MARIES KNOX
MARION LAWRENCE
MCDONALD LEWIS
MILLER LINCOLN
MONROE LINN
MORGAN LIVINGSTON
NEWTON MADISON
OREGON MERCER
OSAGE MISSISSIPPI
OZARK MONITEAU
PERRY MONTGOMERY
PHELPS NEW MADRID
PULASKI NODAWAY
RANDOLPH PEMISCOT
REYNOLDS PETTIS
RIPLEY PIKE
SALINE PLATTE
SHANNON POLK
ST. CLAIR PUTNAM
ST. FRANCOIS RALLS
ST. LOUIS RAY
STODDARD SCHUYLER
STONE SCOTLAND
TANEY SCOTT
TEXAS SHELBY
WASHINGTON ST. CHARLES
WAYNE STE. GENEVIEVE
WRIGHT SULLIVAN
VERNON
WARREN
WEBSTER
WORTH

References for distribution: 001 , 002 , 003 , 026 , 027 , 028 , 029 , 030 , 031 , 032 , 037

Distribution by Watersheds

Des Moines R.
Wyaconda R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Northwest Corner of Jackson County
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Fourche Creek
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Aquatic Associations:

References for Aquatic Associations:

Habitat Types:

Shortleaf Pine Reproduction (0-3" dbh)
Limestone Glade
Cereal Grain
Perennial Grass (Warm season)
Perennial Grass (cool-season)
Shrub-Grass
Eastern Red Cedar (70% + crown closure)
Eastern Red Cedar (30-70% crown closure)
Savanna (Shrub-Fruiting Tree)
Savanna (Grass-Shrub)
Edge (Forest-Field)
Oak-Hickory Regeneration (0-3 years)
Oak-Hickory Regeneration: (3-10 years)
Immature Hardwoods (Poles/Saplings, 3-9" dbh)
Mature Oak-Hickory (9" + dbh, open understory)
Mature Oak-Hickory: (9" + dbh, dense understory)
Oak-Hickory Old Growth

References for Habitat Types: 033 , 001 , 006

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Upland forest
Dry Forest
Dry-Mesic Forest
Mesic Forest
Upland Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Xeric Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Upland Chert Forest
Xeric Chert Forest
Dry Chert Forest
Dry-Mesic Chert Forest
Upland Sandstone Forest
Xeric Sandstone Forest
Dry Sandstone Forest
Dry-Mesic Sandstone Forest
Mesic Sandstone Forest
Upland Sand Forest
Dry Sand Forest
Dry-Mesic Sand Forest
Mesic Sand Forest
Upland Igneous Forest
Xeric Igneous Forest
Dry Igneous Forest
Dry-Mesic Igneous Forest
Mesic Igneous Forest
Flatwoods
Savanna
Limestone/Dolomite Savanna
Chert Savanna
Sandstone Savanna
Sand Savanna
Igneous Savanna
Primary
Glade
Limestone Glade
Dolomite Glade
Chert Glade
Sandstone Glade
Shale Glade
Igneous Glade

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 001 , 006 , 008 , 014

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Forbs; Fruit/Seeds
Dicotyledoneae (dicots); Fruit/Seeds
Juglandaceae (walnut, hickory, pecan); Fruit/Seeds
Betulaceae (birch, hazel, alder); Fruit/Seeds
Fagaceae (beech, oak); Fruit/Seeds
Corn; Fruit/Seeds
Wheat; Fruit/Seeds
Eumycophyta (true Fungi); All of plant
Birds; Egg stage
Insects Insects; Larva stage
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Juvenile stage
Birds; Juvenile stage
Mammals; Not Specified
Oligochaetes (earthworms); Not Specified
Snails; Not Specified
Diplopods (millipedes); Not Specified
Insects Insects; Adult Stage

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 001

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Downed logs
Brushpiles
Stumps

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Ground water
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Slope positively correlated with species' occurrence
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Canopy closure (%) of conifers positively correlated with species' occurrence
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Shrub cover (%) positively correlated with species' occurrence
Herbaceous cover (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
Downed logs
Brushpiles
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Stumps specified in comments(00720)
Stumps
Plant species richness positively correlated with species' occurrence

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013 , 014 , 015 , 016 , 017 , 018 , 019 , 021 , 023 , 024 , 025

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Slope positively correlated with species' occurrence
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Canopy closure (%) of conifers positively correlated with species' occurrence
Shrub cover (%) positively correlated with species' occurrence
Herbaceous cover (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
Downed logs
Agricultural crops: corn
Agricultural crops: wheat
Brushpiles
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Stumps
Plant species richness positively correlated with species' occurrence

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013 , 014 , 022

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: bottomland
Slope positively correlated with species' occurrence
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Canopy closure (%) of conifers positively correlated with species' occurrence
Shrub cover (%) positively correlated with species' occurrence
Herbaceous cover (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
Downed logs
Agricultural crops: corn
Agricultural crops: wheat
Brushpiles
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Human association: barns/sheds
Stumps
Plant species richness positively correlated with species' occurrence

References for resting adult niche requirements: 001 , 004 , 008 , 013 , 014

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Agricultural crops: corn
Agricultural crops: wheat
Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Brushpiles
Canopy closure (%) of conifers positively correlated with species' occurrence
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Downed logs
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/crop field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Floodplain
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Ground water
Herbaceous cover (%) negatively correlated with species' occurrence
Human association: barns/sheds
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Natural features: bottomland
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Plant species richness positively correlated with species' occurrence
Shrub cover (%) positively correlated with species' occurrence
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Slope positively correlated with species' occurrence
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Stumps
Stumps specified in comments(00720)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
030 Hibernate in winter, may aestivate in hot weather *08*. Less active on cold, windy, or rainy days, also seem to be less active when air temperatures greater than 90 degrees F. *13*. Most undergo some degree of torpor during winter, periods of torpor usually last no more than several days *13*. Above ground activity diminishes between October and December *13*.
035 Predators include cats, bobcats, weasels, foxes, coyotes, rats, hawks, owls, snakes *01,08*. Parasites include mites, fleas, botfly larvae, and roundworms *01*.
016 Nest chamber 1' diameter and 6-8" high *01,08*.
024 Sex ratio in litters 1:1 *01,10*.
007 Breed in spring after coming out of hibernation *01*. In ohio, breed mid-February to early March and in July *04*. In canada, breed March and June or July *09*. In canada, males can breed March-June, females can breed March-April and (or) June-July *12*.
099 Live in underground burrows, usually with several entrances *01,08*. Males come out of hibernation 2-3 weeks earlier than females in spring *01,08,11*. Young leave burrow for first time when 5-7 weeks old *01,09*. Usually use same burrow system for several years *01*. Often seen perched on logs, stumps, rocks, perches seem to be a lookout for predators, and are usually near a burrow entrance *13*. Store food for winter use *13*. Young are nursed for approximately 6 weeks after birth *13*. May change burrows, males shift burrows more often than females *13*. A 14-year or study found a positive correlation between production of acorns in fall and population densities the following summer *20*.
037 Juveniles establish burrow systems of their own about 2 weeks after emergence, tend to stay in the general area of the natal burrow. Males tend to disperse farther than females *13*.
029 In Canada, disperse away from roads (only 2% of pathways crossed roads) *036*.
017 Gestation 31 days *01,12*. 32 days *08*.
018 Litter size 1-8, average 4-5 *01*. In canada, litter size at emergence from burrow 2.8-5.3 *09*.
019 1 or 2 litters per year *01,08*. In canada, litter size usually 4-6, average 4.8-4.9 *12*.
022 Most females mature at 1 year, some at 3-7 months, males mature during spring following birth *01*. In canada, mature at 11 months *12*.
026 Defend area 50' around burrow *01*.
027 Territory established around home burrow and perch sites *13*.
028 Home range in good habitat less than .4 acres, in poor habitat 2-3 acres *01*. In MI, usually around 2 acres *10*. In NY, adult males have home range of .37 acres, adult females .26 acres, juveniles .18 acres *08*. In pn size of home range varied greatly from year to year, from 232 to 2847 square m. Adult males altered the size of their home range to gain access to white oaks *19*. Home ranges overlap *13*.

Life History Information

Territoriality specified in comments(026)
Territory size specified in comments(027)
Home range size specified in comments(028)
Dispersion: random dispersion
Dispersion specified in comments(029)
Periodicity: active in day
Periodicity: most active in late spring
Periodicity: most active in fall
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: gleaning
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: stumps
Foraging sites: branches of tree
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Duration of pair bond: no pair bond formed
Nest/den site: underground burrow
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: leaves
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litters per year specified in comments(019)
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: female
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Sex ratio: 1:1
Sex ratio specified in comments(024)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
030 Hibernate in winter, may aestivate in hot weather *08*. Less active on cold, windy, or rainy days, also seem to be less active when air temperatures greater than 90 degrees F. *13*. Most undergo some degree of torpor during winter, periods of torpor usually last no more than several days *13*. Above ground activity diminishes between October and December *13*.
035 Predators include cats, bobcats, weasels, foxes, coyotes, rats, hawks, owls, snakes *01,08*. Parasites include mites, fleas, botfly larvae, and roundworms *01*.
016 Nest chamber 1' diameter and 6-8" high *01,08*.
024 Sex ratio in litters 1:1 *01,10*.
007 Breed in spring after coming out of hibernation *01*. In ohio, breed mid-February to early March and in July *04*. In canada, breed March and June or July *09*. In canada, males can breed March-June, females can breed March-April and (or) June-July *12*.
099 Live in underground burrows, usually with several entrances *01,08*. Males come out of hibernation 2-3 weeks earlier than females in spring *01,08,11*. Young leave burrow for first time when 5-7 weeks old *01,09*. Usually use same burrow system for several years *01*. Often seen perched on logs, stumps, rocks, perches seem to be a lookout for predators, and are usually near a burrow entrance *13*. Store food for winter use *13*. Young are nursed for approximately 6 weeks after birth *13*. May change burrows, males shift burrows more often than females *13*. A 14-year or study found a positive correlation between production of acorns in fall and population densities the following summer *20*.
037 Juveniles establish burrow systems of their own about 2 weeks after emergence, tend to stay in the general area of the natal burrow. Males tend to disperse farther than females *13*.
029 In Canada, disperse away from roads (only 2% of pathways crossed roads) *036*.
017 Gestation 31 days *01,12*. 32 days *08*.
018 Litter size 1-8, average 4-5 *01*. In canada, litter size at emergence from burrow 2.8-5.3 *09*.
019 1 or 2 litters per year *01,08*. In canada, litter size usually 4-6, average 4.8-4.9 *12*.
022 Most females mature at 1 year, some at 3-7 months, males mature during spring following birth *01*. In canada, mature at 11 months *12*.
026 Defend area 50' around burrow *01*.
027 Territory established around home burrow and perch sites *13*.
028 Home range in good habitat less than .4 acres, in poor habitat 2-3 acres *01*. In MI, usually around 2 acres *10*. In NY, adult males have home range of .37 acres, adult females .26 acres, juveniles .18 acres *08*. In pn size of home range varied greatly from year to year, from 232 to 2847 square m. Adult males altered the size of their home range to gain access to white oaks *19*. Home ranges overlap *13*.

References for life history: 001 , 004 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 019 , 036

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Shrub/brush - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Shrub/brush - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Shrub/brush - control grazing of domestic livestock
Shrub/brush - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Shrub/brush - maintain habitat diversity
Shrub/brush - develop/maintain brushpiles
Water - construct rock islands in impoundments
Agricultural - control grazing by domestic livestock
Agricultural - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Agricultural - maintain habitat diversity
Agricultural - retention of crop residue over winter
Agricultural - develop/maintain brushpiles
Agricultural - no-till farming
Agricultural - maintain woodlots
Agricultural - develop/maintain windbreaks
Forest - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Forest - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - control grazing of domestic livestock
Forest - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Forest - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - even age timber management
Forest - uneven age timber management
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain mast producing trees
Forest - develop/maintain brushpiles
Forest - retain snags/cavity trees

Beneficial Management References: 034 , 001 , 004 , 008

Adverse Managment Practices:

Shrub/brush - application of herbicides
Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Shrub/brush - uncontrolled grazing of domestic livestock
Water - stream channelization
Agricultural - application of herbicides
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Agricultural - uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock
Agricultural - clean farming
Forest - application of herbicides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Forest - uncontrolled grazing of domestic livestock

Adverse Management References: 035 , 001 , 004 , 008

Comments on Management:
Beneficial to retain good refuge sites - downed logs, rock piles, etc. *01,08* in VT study, 2 years after stream channelization, were more abundant along unchannelized portions of the stream than along channelized sections *35*.

References for Management Comments: 035 , 001 , 008

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Schwartz, C.W. and E.R. Schwartz. 1981. The Wild Mammals Of Missouri 2nd Ed. Univ. Of Missouri Press And Mo Dept. Of Conservation, Columbia, Mo. 356 Pp.
002 Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals Of North America, 2nd Ed. John Wiley And Sons, Inc. New York. 1181pp.
003 Unpb Elder, W. H. Collection Records. 112 Stephens Hall, Univ. Of Missouri, Columbia, Mo 65211. (573)-882-3436.
004 Yahner, R.H. 1978. Burrow System And Home Range Use By Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias Striatus: Ecological And Behavioral Considerations J. Mammal. 59:324-329.
005 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
006 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
007 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
008 Macclintock, D. 1978. Squirrels Of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York. 184 Pp.
009 Pidduck, E.R. Jr. and J.B. Falls. 1973. Reproduction And Emergence Of Juveniles In Tamias Striatus (Rodentia:Sciuridae) At Two Localities In Ontario, Canada. J. Mammal. 54:693-707.
010 Blair, W.F. 1942. Size Of Home Range And Notes On The Life History Of The Woodland Deer Mouse And Eastern Chipmunk In Northern Michigan J. Mammal. 23(1):27-36.
011 Yahner, R.H. and G.E. Svendsen. 1978. Effects Of Climate On The Circannual Rhythm Of The Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus. Jour. Mammal. 59:109-117.
012 Smith, L.C. and D.A. Smith. 1972. Reproduction Biology, Breeding Seasons, And Growth Of Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias Striatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) In Canada. Can. J. Zool. 50:1069-1085.
013 Unpb Ellis, L.S. 1979. Systematics And Life-History Of The Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign. 321 Pp.
014 Geier, A.R. and L.B. Best. 1980. Habitat Selection By Small Mammals Of Riparian Communities: Evaluating Efects Of Habitat Alterations. J. Wildl. Manage. 44(1):16-24.
015 Kirkland, G.L. 1977. Responses Of Small Mammals To The Clearcutting Of Northern Appalachian Forests. J. Mammal. 58:600-609.
016 Bowers, M.A. 1994. Use Of Space And Habitats By The Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus. J. Mammal 76:12-21.
017 Krupa, J.J. and K.E. Haskins. 1996. Invasion Of The Meadow Vole (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) In Southeastern Kentucky And Its Possible Impact On The Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys Cooperi). Am. Midl. Nat. 135:14-22.
018 Ford, W.M., J. Laerm, D.C. Weinand and K.G. Barker. 1994. Abundance And Distribution Of Shrews And Other Small Mammals In The Chattahoochee National Forest Of Georgia. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 48:310-320.
019 Lacher, T.E., Jr and M.A. Mares. 1996. Availability Of Resources And Use Of Space In Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias Striatus. J. Mammal. 77(3):833-849.
020 Wolff, J.O. 1996. Population Fluctuations Of Mast-Eating Rodents Are Correlated With Production Of Acorns. J. Mammal. 77(3):850-856.
021 Mahan, C.G. and R.H. Yahner. 1996. Effects Of Forest Fragmentation On Burrow-Site Selection By The Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias Striatus). Am. Midl. Nat. 136:352-357.
022 Unpb Murray, D.K. 1991. Mammals Of The Ozark National Scenic Riverways. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 457 Pp.
023 unpb Hanaburg, C. 1995. Wildlife Use Of Native And Introduced Grasslands In Michigan. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State Univ. 112 Pp.
024 Rosenblatt, D.L., E.J. Heske, S.L. Nelson, D.M. Barber, M.A. Miller and B. Macallister. 1999. Forest Fragments In East-Central Illinois:Islands Or Habitat Patches For Mammals? Am. Midl. Nat. 141:115-123.
025 Nupp, T.E. and R.K. Swihart. 2000. Landscape-Level Correlates Of Small-Mammal Assemblages In Forest Fragments Of Farmland. J. Mammal. 81(2):512-526.
026 Unpb Alford, A. 1999 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
027 Unpb Britzke, E. 1996 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
028 Unpb Britzke, E. 1997 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
029 Unpb Krohne, M. 1998 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
030 Unpb Robbins, L. 1996 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
031 Unpb Scheibe, J. 1998 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
032 Unpb Derting, T. 1995 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
033 Cooper, J.L. 1997. A Comparison Of Avian And Small Mammal Populations In Three Open-Land Habitats At Land Between The Lakes, Tennessee And Kentucky. Twra Tech. Rept. 97-12. 136 Pp.
034 Healy, W.M. and R.T. Brooks. 1988. Small Mammal Abundance In Northern Hardwood Stands In West Virginia. J. Wildl. Manage. 52(3):491-496.
035 Possardt, E.E. and W.E. Dodge. 1978. Stream Channelization Impacts On Songbirds And Small Mammals In Vermont. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 6:18-24.
036 Ford, A.T. and L. Fahrig. 2008. Movement patterns of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) near roads. Journal of Mammology 89(4): 895-903.
037 UNPB Shelby Timm. MDC Mammal Database. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, Ellington Office. 2929 County Rd 618, Ellington, MO 63638/