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Taxonomy

Common Name: RABBITSFOOT

Phylum: MOLLUSCA

Class: BIVALVIA

Order: UNIONOIDA

Family: UNIONIDAE

Genus: THELIDERMA

Species: CYLINDRICA

Taxonomic Authority: (SAY)

Taxonomy References: 019 , 002 , 005 , 006

Status

FEDERAL CANDIDATE
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G3T3

Status References: 017 , 018 , 001

Habitat Summary

"Is found in creeks and medium to large rivers with mixed sand and gravel substrates."

Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"

References: 002 , 003 , 004 , 006

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Is found in southwestern and southeastern Missouri *04*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
BUTLER		ADAIR
JASPER		ANDREW
MONROE		ATCHISON
NEWTON		AUDRAIN
WAYNE		BARRY
		BARTON
		BATES
		BENTON
		BOLLINGER
		BOONE
		BUCHANAN
		CALDWELL
		CALLAWAY
		CAMDEN
		CAPE GIRARDEAU
		CARROLL
		CARTER
		CASS
		CEDAR
		CHARITON
		CHRISTIAN
		CLARK
		CLAY
		CLINTON
		COLE
		COOPER
		CRAWFORD
		DADE
		DALLAS
		DAVIESS
		DEKALB
		DENT
		DOUGLAS
		DUNKLIN
		FRANKLIN
		GASCONADE
		GENTRY
		GREENE
		GRUNDY
		HARRISON
		HENRY
		HICKORY
		HOLT
		HOWARD
		HOWELL
		IRON
		JACKSON
		JEFFERSON
		JOHNSON
		KNOX
		LACLEDE
		LAFAYETTE
		LAWRENCE
		LEWIS
		LINCOLN
		LINN
		LIVINGSTON
		MACON
		MADISON
		MARIES
		MARION
		MCDONALD
		MERCER
		MILLER
		MISSISSIPPI
		MONITEAU
		MONTGOMERY
		MORGAN
		NEW MADRID
		NODAWAY
		OREGON
		OSAGE
		OZARK
		PEMISCOT
		PERRY
		PETTIS
		PHELPS
		PIKE
		PLATTE
		POLK
		PULASKI
		PUTNAM
		RALLS
		RANDOLPH
		RAY
		REYNOLDS
		RIPLEY
		SALINE
		SCHUYLER
		SCOTLAND
		SCOTT
		SHANNON
		SHELBY
		ST. CHARLES
		ST. CLAIR
		ST. FRANCOIS
		ST. LOUIS
		STE. GENEVIEVE
		STODDARD
		STONE
		SULLIVAN
		TANEY
		TEXAS
		VERNON
		WARREN
		WASHINGTON
		WEBSTER
		WORTH
		WRIGHT

References for distribution: 004 , 006 , 011 , 014

Distribution by Watersheds

South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Spring R.

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Lower Ozark

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"

References for Aquatic Associations: 002 , 003 , 004 , 006

Habitat Types:

Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 003

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 013

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 004

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

Turbidity: clear water
Turbidity specified in comments(00040)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs on substrate (not penetrating)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Gradient: moderate
Current velocity: moderate current
Current velocity: swift current
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features specified in comments(00280)

References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 004

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for resting juvenile niche requirements:

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Turbidity: clear water
Turbidity specified in comments(00040)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs on substrate (not penetrating)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Gradient: moderate
Current velocity: moderate current
Current velocity: swift current
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Natural features: riffles
Natural features specified in comments(00280)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 002 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 002 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity: moderate current
Current velocity: swift current
Gradient: moderate
Host specified in comments(00680)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: riffles
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Relation to substrate: occurs on substrate (not penetrating)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Turbidity specified in comments(00040)
Turbidity: clear water
Water depth specified in comments(00230)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
007	Spawning occurs May-July 10.
003	Host fishes for glochidia: whitetail shiner (notropis galacturus), spotfin shiner (notropis spilopterus) and bigeye chub (hybopsis amblops) 10.
018	115,000 embryos/female have been reported 10.
099	Seldom burrows, lies upon the substrate 12.

Life History Information

Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: feed on bottom of stream, lake or pond
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Sex ratio: 1:1

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
007	Spawning occurs May-July 10.
003	Host fishes for glochidia: whitetail shiner (notropis galacturus), spotfin shiner (notropis spilopterus) and bigeye chub (hybopsis amblops) 10.
018	115,000 embryos/female have been reported 10.
099	Seldom burrows, lies upon the substrate 12.

References for life history: 004 , 010 , 012

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - control aquatic animals

Beneficial Management References: 003

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of herbicides
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - other (specify in comments)

Adverse Management References: 003

Comments on Management:
Adverse: directly exploited/threatened by natural or man-made forces. Siltation, drainage, pollution, zebra mussels, impoundments, livestock, poor water quality *03*.

References for Management Comments: 003

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp.
002	Illinois Natural History Survey. 1997. Quadrula Cylindrica (Say, 1817) Rabbitsfoot. Http://Www.Inhs.Uiuc.Edu/Cbd/Musselmanual/Page32_3.Html 2 November 2000.
003	Natureserve: An Online Encyclopedia Of Life [Web Application]. 2000. Version 1.0. Arlington (Va): Association For Biodiversity Information. Available: Http://Www.Natureserve.Org/. (Accessed: November 7, 2000).
004	Oesch, R.D. 1995. Missouri Naiades. A Guide To The Mussels Of Missouri. Second Edition. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 271 Pp.
005	Williams, J.D., A.E. Bogan, R.S. Butler, K.S. Cummings, J.T. Garner, J.L. Harris, N.A. Johnson and G.T. Watters. 2017. A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20:33-58.
006	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
007	Gordon, M.E. and J.B. Layzer. 1989. Mussels (Bibalvia: Unionoidea) Of The Cumberland River Review Of Life Histories And Ecological Relationships. Biological Report 89(15): 1-99. As Cited In (06).
008	Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide To Freshwater Mussels Of The Midwest. Illinois History Survey Manual 5. 194 Pp. As Cited In (06).
009	Parmalee, P.W. 1967. The Freshwater Mussels Of Illinois. IL State Mus. Pop. Sci. Ser. No. 8. 108 Pp.
010	Yeager, Bruce L. and Richard J. Neves. 1986. Reproductive Cycle And Fish Hosts Of The Rabbit's Foot Mussel, Quadrula Cylindrica Strigillata (Mollusca: Unionidae) In The Upper Tennesse River Drainage. American Midland Naturalist. Vol. 116(2). Pp. 329-340.
011	Obermeyer, B.K., D.W. Edds, C.W. Prophet And E.J. Miller. 1997. Freshwater Mussels (Bivalva:Unionidae) In The Verdigris, Neosho And Spring River Basins Of Kansas And Missouri, With Emphasis On Species Of Special Concern. American Malacological Bulletin. 14: 41-55.
012	Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1993. Mussel Habitat Suitability And Impact Analysis Of The Tippecanoe River. Final Report. Prepared For Indiana Department Of Natural Resources And The U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Vol. 1. 102 Pp. + Appendices.
013	Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139.
014	Unpb Bruenderman, S. Mussel Occurrence Database. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
015	Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115)
016	Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement.
017	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2011. Missouri species and communities of conservation concern checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. pp. 55.
018	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp. 52.
019	Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf