Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System

Navigation

Taxonomy

Common Name: POCKETBOOK, FAT

Phylum: MOLLUSCA

Class: BIVALVIA

Order: UNIONOIDA

Family: UNIONIDAE

Genus: POTAMILUS

Species: CAPAX

Taxonomic Authority: (GREEN)

Taxonomy References: 019 , 002

Status

FEDERAL ENDANGERED
INDICATOR
NONGAME
SENSITIVE
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G1

Status References: 001 , 003 , 004 , 009 , 011 , 012

Habitat Summary

"Occur in rivers in water up to 8 feet deep."

Primary Habitat: "Undetermined"

References: 001 , 006

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Occurs in the on upper Mississippi *01,14*, and in Dunklin county *13,14*. Reintroduction to other sites on upper Mississippi has been attempted *09*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Unknown	Not Likely
CLARK	BUTLER	ADAIR
DUNKLIN	CAPE GIRARDEAU	ANDREW
LEWIS	MISSISSIPPI	ATCHISON
LINCOLN	NEW MADRID	AUDRAIN
MARION	PEMISCOT	BARRY
PIKE	PERRY	BARTON
RALLS	SCOTT	BATES
	STE. GENEVIEVE	BENTON
		BOLLINGER
		BOONE
		BUCHANAN
		CALDWELL
		CALLAWAY
		CAMDEN
		CARROLL
		CARTER
		CASS
		CEDAR
		CHARITON
		CHRISTIAN
		CLAY
		CLINTON
		COLE
		COOPER
		CRAWFORD
		DADE
		DALLAS
		DAVIESS
		DEKALB
		DENT
		DOUGLAS
		FRANKLIN
		GASCONADE
		GENTRY
		GREENE
		GRUNDY
		HARRISON
		HENRY
		HICKORY
		HOLT
		HOWARD
		HOWELL
		IRON
		JACKSON
		JASPER
		JEFFERSON
		JOHNSON
		KNOX
		LACLEDE
		LAFAYETTE
		LAWRENCE
		LINN
		LIVINGSTON
		MACON
		MADISON
		MARIES
		MCDONALD
		MERCER
		MILLER
		MONITEAU
		MONROE
		MONTGOMERY
		MORGAN
		NEWTON
		NODAWAY
		OREGON
		OSAGE
		OZARK
		PETTIS
		PHELPS
		PLATTE
		POLK
		PULASKI
		PUTNAM
		RANDOLPH
		RAY
		REYNOLDS
		RIPLEY
		SALINE
		SCHUYLER
		SCOTLAND
		SHANNON
		SHELBY
		ST. CHARLES
		ST. CLAIR
		ST. FRANCOIS
		ST. LOUIS
		STODDARD
		STONE
		SULLIVAN
		TANEY
		TEXAS
		VERNON
		WARREN
		WASHINGTON
		WAYNE
		WEBSTER
		WORTH
		WRIGHT

References for distribution: 001 , 009 , 013 , 014

Distribution by Watersheds

Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

References for Aquatic Associations: 001 , 006

Habitat Types:

Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 001

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Other food habits; Not Specified

Comments for larval food habits:
"Parasitic, absorb nutrients from host (host unknown, probably fi"

References for larval food habits: 001

Juvenile Food Habits

Other food habits; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
"Parasitic, absorb nutrients from host (host unknown, probably fi"

References Juvenile Food Habits 001

Adult Food Habits

Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 001 , 016

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: moderate turbidity
prefers clean water habitats, tolerateS infrequent periods of low d.o. if ph and temp. unaltered (saproxenous)
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

Water temperature specified in comments(00010)
Substrate (not bottom type): animal substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 001 , 011 , 013

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: moderate turbidity
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): mud or silt
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Stability of bottom: stable
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Stream order: eighth order stream
Stream order: ninth order or greater stream

References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 001 , 011 , 013

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
Turbidity: moderate turbidity
Siltation: low
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Bottom type: sand
Stability of bottom: stable
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water level: permanently flooded
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Stream order: eighth order stream
Stream order: ninth order or greater stream
Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 006

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Host specified in comments(00680)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 006

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 011

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 011

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements: 001 , 006

Niche Requirement Summary

Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Dissolved oxygen: needs high O2 concentrations - saturated (euoxyphilous)
Host specified in comments(00680)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Nutrient concentrations: prefers moderate nutrient concentrations (mesotrophic)
Ph: prefers ph above 7.0 (alkaliphilous)
prefers clean water habitats, tolerateS infrequent periods of low d.o. if ph and temp. unaltered (saproxenous)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Salinity: prefers salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l (0.5 ppt)(oligohalobous)
Siltation: low
Stability of bottom: stable
Stream order: eighth order stream
Stream order: ninth order or greater stream
Stream order: seventh order stream
Substrate (not bottom type): animal substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): mud or silt
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Turbidity: moderate turbidity
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water quality: restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution (saprophobic)
Water temperature specified in comments(00010)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
008	Males release sperm into water, sperm picked up as females filter water 01
020	Eggs fertilized and develop into glochidia in female's gills, glochidia are released from gills 01
034	Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of suitable host 01
037	Depend on host for dispersal 01
003	Known hosts include freshwater drum 11,13
030	Most active spring, summer, and fall 01
006	Filters water just above river bottom 01
007	Females gravid June through October 07,08

Life History Information

Dispersion: clumped dispersion
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: water
Foraging height specified in comments(006)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system specified in comments(008)
Duration of pair bond: no pair bond formed
Spawning site: flowing water
Development of young at birth/hatching specified in comments(020)
Parental care of young: no care

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
008	Males release sperm into water, sperm picked up as females filter water 01
020	Eggs fertilized and develop into glochidia in female's gills, glochidia are released from gills 01
034	Limited by availability of suitable habitat and presence of suitable host 01
037	Depend on host for dispersal 01
003	Known hosts include freshwater drum 11,13
030	Most active spring, summer, and fall 01
006	Filters water just above river bottom 01
007	Females gravid June through October 07,08

References for life history: 001 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 011 , 013

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Regulate harvest of species being described
Water - develop/maintain spawning/nesting facilities
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - develop/maintain streamside vegetation
Water - stabilize streambanks
Water - exclude livestock from water
Water - restrict human disturbance
Agricultural - control erosion

Beneficial Management References: 001

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of herbicides
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - application of fertilizer - inorganic
Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization

Adverse Management References: 001

Comments on Management:
Dredging and channelization projects should not be done on or near existing river islands *15*.

References for Management Comments: 015

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Unpb Buchanan, A.C. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
002	Morton, J. E. 1967. Molluscs (4th Ed). Hutchinson and Co., Ltd. London. 244 Pp.
003	U.S. Dept. Of The Interior. 1980. Republication Of Lists Of Endangered And Threatened Species And Correction Of Technical Errors In Final Rules. U.S. Fws, Washington, D.C. Fed. Register 45(99): 33768-33781.
004	The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
005	Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
006	Parmalee, P.W. 1967. The Freshwater Mussels Of Illinois. IL State Mus. Pop. Sci. Ser. No. 8. 108 Pp.
007	Surber, T. 1913. Identification Of The Glochidia Of Freshwater Mussels. U.S. Bur. Fisheries Doc. No. 771. 10 Pp.
008	Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A Monograph Of The Naiades Of Pennsylvania, Part Iii. Systematic Account Of The Genera And Species. Memoirs Of The Carnegie Mus. 8:1-384.
009	Unpb Popowski, J. Memo To Fish and Wild. Serv. Field Supervisor, Columbia, Mo (Dated 8/16/85), Concerning Revised County Listing Of Federally Listed Species Within Missouri.
010	Unpb Koch, L.M. 1990. Reintroduction Of Potamilus Capax To Portions Of The Upper Mississippi River In Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo, 65102. (573-751-3115).
011	Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Meyer. 1993. Distribution And Host Species Of The Federally Endangered Freshwater Mussel, Potamilus Capax (Green, 1832), In The Lower Wabash River, Illinois And Indiana. IL Nat. Hist. Survey Center For Biodiversity Tech. Report 1993(1). 36 Pp.
012	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp.
013	Unpb Barnhart, M.C. 1977. Reproduction And Fish Hosts Of Unionid Species Of Concern. Report Submitted To Missouri Dept. Of Conservation Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201-5204. 573-882-9880.
014	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
015	Missouri Department Of Conservation. Best Management Practices: Fat Pocketbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
016	Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139.
017	Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115)
018	Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement.
019	Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf.