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Taxonomy

Common Name: SNUFFBOX

Phylum: MOLLUSCA

Class: BIVALVIA

Order: UNIONOIDA

Family: UNIONIDAE

Genus: EPIOBLASMA

Species: TRIQUETRA

Taxonomic Authority: (RAFINESQUE)

Taxonomy References: 017 , 007 , 002 , 004

Status

FEDERAL ENDANGERED
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S1
GLOBAL RANK G3

Status References: 001 , 016

Habitat Summary

"Occurs in medium to large rivers with clear water and gravel riffles."

Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"

References: 005 , 006 , 007 , 002 , 003

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Historically widespread in the midwest *03*. occurs in the southeastern part of Missouri *06,07*"

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
BOLLINGER		ADAIR
FRANKLIN		ANDREW
GASCONADE		ATCHISON
HENRY		AUDRAIN
JEFFERSON		BARRY
PHELPS		BARTON
RIPLEY		BATES
ST. LOUIS		BENTON
WAYNE		BOONE
		BUCHANAN
		BUTLER
		CALDWELL
		CALLAWAY
		CAMDEN
		CAPE GIRARDEAU
		CARROLL
		CARTER
		CASS
		CEDAR
		CHARITON
		CHRISTIAN
		CLARK
		CLAY
		CLINTON
		COLE
		COOPER
		CRAWFORD
		DADE
		DALLAS
		DAVIESS
		DEKALB
		DENT
		DOUGLAS
		DUNKLIN
		GENTRY
		GREENE
		GRUNDY
		HARRISON
		HICKORY
		HOLT
		HOWARD
		HOWELL
		IRON
		JACKSON
		JASPER
		JOHNSON
		KNOX
		LACLEDE
		LAFAYETTE
		LAWRENCE
		LEWIS
		LINCOLN
		LINN
		LIVINGSTON
		MACON
		MADISON
		MARIES
		MARION
		MCDONALD
		MERCER
		MILLER
		MISSISSIPPI
		MONITEAU
		MONROE
		MONTGOMERY
		MORGAN
		NEW MADRID
		NEWTON
		NODAWAY
		OREGON
		OSAGE
		OZARK
		PEMISCOT
		PERRY
		PETTIS
		PIKE
		PLATTE
		POLK
		PULASKI
		PUTNAM
		RALLS
		RANDOLPH
		RAY
		REYNOLDS
		SALINE
		SCHUYLER
		SCOTLAND
		SCOTT
		SHANNON
		SHELBY
		ST. CHARLES
		ST. CLAIR
		ST. FRANCOIS
		STE. GENEVIEVE
		STODDARD
		STONE
		SULLIVAN
		TANEY
		TEXAS
		VERNON
		WARREN
		WASHINGTON
		WEBSTER
		WORTH
		WRIGHT

References for distribution: 005 , 006 , 007 , 013 , 003

Distribution by Watersheds

Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
Current R.

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Lower Ozark

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, mud"

References for Aquatic Associations: 005 , 006 , 007 , 002 , 003

Habitat Types:

Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 005 , 006 , 007 , 002 , 003

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 012

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 005

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

Turbidity: clear water
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Current velocity: moderate current
Current velocity: swift current
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water depth: shallow
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Natural features: riffles

References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 005

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for resting juvenile niche requirements:

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 002

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 005 , 006 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 002

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Current velocity: moderate current
Current velocity: swift current
Host specified in comments(00680)
Natural features: riffles
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Turbidity: clear water
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water depth: shallow

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
003	Missouri fish hosts for glochidia: banded sculpin (cottus carolinae), greenside darter (etheostoma blennioides), logperch (percina caprodes) and dusky darter (percina sciera) 08.
007	Winter breeders (bradytictic) 05,10. Gravid females with mature glochidia have been found in May and June 08; gravid females have also been found in September and October 05,10.

Life History Information

Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Closely associated plant or animal species specified in comments(003)
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: feed on bottom of stream, lake or pond
Breeding season specified in comments(007)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
003	Missouri fish hosts for glochidia: banded sculpin (cottus carolinae), greenside darter (etheostoma blennioides), logperch (percina caprodes) and dusky darter (percina sciera) 08.
007	Winter breeders (bradytictic) 05,10. Gravid females with mature glochidia have been found in May and June 08; gravid females have also been found in September and October 05,10.

References for life history: 005 , 008 , 010

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - exclude livestock from water

Beneficial Management References: 003

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Water - other (specify in comments)

Adverse Management References: 003

Comments on Management:
Adverse: siltation, pollution, impoundments, mineral and industrial development, destruction of habitat, domestic livestock *03*.

References for Management Comments: 003

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp.
002	Illinois Natural History Survey. 1997. Epioblasma Triquetra (Rafinesque, 1820) Snuffbox. Http://Www.Inhs.Uiuc.Edu/Cbd/Musselmanual/ Page162_3.Html 2 November 2000.
003	Natureserve: An Online Encyclopedia Of Life [Web Application]. 2000. Version 1.0. Arlington (Va): Association For Biodiversity Information. Avaliable: Http://Www.Natureserve.Org/. (Accessed: November 7, 2000).
004	Williams, J.D., A.E. Bogan, R.S. Butler, K.S. Cummings, J.T. Garner, J.L. Harris, N.A. Johnson and G.T. Watters. 2017. A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20:33-58.
005	Oesch, R.D. 1995. Missouri Naiades. A Guide To The Mussels Of Missouri. Second Edition. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 271 Pp.
006	Buchanan, A. C. 1980. Mussels (naiades) of the Meramec River Basin. Missouri Dept. of Conservation Aquatic Ser. No. 17. Jefferson City, MO. 76 pp.
007	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
008	Yeager, Bruce L. and Charles F. Saylor. 1995. Fish Hosts For Four Species Of Freshwater Mussels (Pelecypoda: Unionidae) In The Upper Tennessee River Drainage. American Midland Naturalist. Vol. 133(1): 1-6.
009	Taylor, Ralph W. 1980. Freshwater Bivalves Of Tygart Creek, Northeastern Kentucky. Nautilis. Vol. 94 (2). Pp. 89-91.
010	Baker, F.C. 1928. The fresh-water mollusca of Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda. Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. 70, II. WI Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Gen. Ser. 1301, 495 pp. (cited in ref. 001)
011	Murray, Harold D. and A. Byron Leonard. 1962. Handbook Of Unionid Mussels In Kansas. Museum Of Natural History, University Of Kansas, Lawrence, Ks. Misc. Pub. No28. Pp. 1-184. May 10, 1962.
012	Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139.
013	Unpb Bruenderman, S. Mussel Occurrence Database. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
014	Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115)
015	Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement.
016	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp. 52.
017	Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf.