Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of
Conservation
Common Name: FROG, WOOD
Phylum: CHORDATA
Class: AMPHIBIA
Order: ANURA
Family: RANIDAE
Genus: LITHOBATES
Species: SYLVATICUS
Taxonomic Authority: LE CONTE
Taxonomy References: 027 , 043 , 002
NONGAME
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G5
"Occur in lowland deciduous forests among leaf litter, often in ravines or small openings. Breed in woodland ponds, ephemeral pools or intermittent streams. In MO, move from humus to leaves as substrate moisture decreases. Use ephemeral, rock ravines and deciduous leaf litter in oak-hickory forests as microhabitat *053*."
Primary Habitat: "Forest- upland"
References: 001 , 049 , 007 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013
"Occurs mainly in eastern Missouri, and in a few other scattered locations *23*"
| Known | Likely | Unknown | Not Likely | Historic | Extirpated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BARRY | ADAIR | ||||
| CARTER | ANDREW | ||||
| COOPER | ATCHISON | ||||
| CRAWFORD | AUDRAIN | ||||
| DENT | BARTON | ||||
| JEFFERSON | BATES | ||||
| MACON | BENTON | ||||
| MARION | BOLLINGER | ||||
| MONTGOMERY | BOONE | ||||
| REYNOLDS | BUCHANAN | ||||
| ST. CHARLES | BUTLER | ||||
| ST. LOUIS | CALDWELL | ||||
| STE. GENEVIEVE | CALLAWAY | ||||
| STONE | CAMDEN | ||||
| TANEY | CAPE GIRARDEAU | ||||
| WARREN | CARROLL | ||||
| CASS | |||||
| CEDAR | |||||
| CHARITON | |||||
| CHRISTIAN | |||||
| CLARK | |||||
| CLAY | |||||
| CLINTON | |||||
| COLE | |||||
| DADE | |||||
| DALLAS | |||||
| DAVIESS | |||||
| DEKALB | |||||
| DOUGLAS | |||||
| DUNKLIN | |||||
| FRANKLIN | |||||
| GASCONADE | |||||
| GENTRY | |||||
| GREENE | |||||
| GRUNDY | |||||
| HARRISON | |||||
| HENRY | |||||
| HICKORY | |||||
| HOLT | |||||
| HOWARD | |||||
| HOWELL | |||||
| IRON | |||||
| JACKSON | |||||
| JASPER | |||||
| JOHNSON | |||||
| KNOX | |||||
| LACLEDE | |||||
| LAFAYETTE | |||||
| LAWRENCE | |||||
| LEWIS | |||||
| LINCOLN | |||||
| LINN | |||||
| LIVINGSTON | |||||
| MADISON | |||||
| MARIES | |||||
| MCDONALD | |||||
| MERCER | |||||
| MILLER | |||||
| MISSISSIPPI | |||||
| MONITEAU | |||||
| MONROE | |||||
| MORGAN | |||||
| NEW MADRID | |||||
| NEWTON | |||||
| NODAWAY | |||||
| OREGON | |||||
| OSAGE | |||||
| OZARK | |||||
| PEMISCOT | |||||
| PERRY | |||||
| PETTIS | |||||
| PHELPS | |||||
| PIKE | |||||
| PLATTE | |||||
| POLK | |||||
| PULASKI | |||||
| PUTNAM | |||||
| RALLS | |||||
| RANDOLPH | |||||
| RAY | |||||
| RIPLEY | |||||
| SALINE | |||||
| SCHUYLER | |||||
| SCOTLAND | |||||
| SCOTT | |||||
| SHANNON | |||||
| SHELBY | |||||
| ST. CLAIR | |||||
| ST. FRANCOIS | |||||
| STODDARD | |||||
| SULLIVAN | |||||
| TEXAS | |||||
| VERNON | |||||
| WASHINGTON | |||||
| WAYNE | |||||
| WEBSTER | |||||
| WORTH | |||||
| WRIGHT |
References for distribution: 025 , 030 , 032 , 037 , 001 , 044 , 003 , 004 , 022 , 023 , 055 , 054
South Fabius R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Big R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
Black R.
Comments: "Likely to occur in listed units, based on county occurrence."
Central Till Plains, Ozark Highlands
Comments: ""
Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.
Palustrine
Riverine
"Palustrine"
"Riverine, intermittent"
"Riverine, unknown perennial"
References for Aquatic Associations: 001 , 005 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014
Shortleaf Pine Reproduction (0-3" dbh)
Waterhole
Marsh
Intermittent Stream
Perennial Grass (Warm season)
Perennial Grass (cool-season)
Oak-Hickory Old Growth
References for Habitat Types: 001 , 049 , 005 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 020 , 023 , 053
Forest
Upland forest
Dry-Mesic Forest
Mesic Forest
Upland Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Upland Chert Forest
Dry-Mesic Chert Forest
Upland Sandstone Forest
Dry-Mesic Sandstone Forest
Mesic Sandstone Forest
Upland Igneous Forest
Dry-Mesic Igneous Forest
Mesic Igneous Forest
Flatwoods
Wetland
Marshes
Freshwater Marsh
Pond Marsh
References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 001 , 005 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014
"Carnivore"
Plants; Pollen
Amphibians; Egg stage
Caudata (salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, sirens); Egg stage
Amphibians; Larva stage
Algae; Not Specified
Blue-green Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Plants; Not Specified
Chlorophyta (green algae); Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified
Arthropods; Not Specified
Comments for larval food habits:
"Tadpoles prey on American toad eggs and tadpoles *29*. In NC pre"
References for larval food habits: 029 , 036 , 005 , 017 , 023
Juvenile diet similar to adult's; Not Specified
Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
"Tadpoles prey on American toad eggs and tadpoles *29*. In NC pre"
References Juvenile Food Habits 045 , 018 , 019 , 023
Homoptera (cicadas, hoppers, aphids, scale insects); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Arthropods; Not Specified
Oligochaetes (earthworms); Not Specified
Snails; Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Not Specified
Insects
Insects; Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""
References Adult Food Habits 018 , 019 , 023
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Ph/alkalinity specified in comments(00030)
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: fishless ponds
References for egg niches requirements: 028 , 001 , 005 , 008 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 023
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: fishless ponds
Natural features: pools
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 035 , 001 , 005 , 008 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 023
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: pools
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 001 , 005 , 008 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 023
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: pools
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 034 , 001 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 001 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014
Aquatic vegetation
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Water depth: shallow
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: fishless ponds
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: pools
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Distance to woodland specified in comments(00420)
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 026 , 029 , 039 , 042 , 001 , 005 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: pools
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
References for feeding adult niche requirements: 001 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 023
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: pools
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
References for resting adult niche requirements: 026 , 040 , 001 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 023
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Aquatic vegetation
Aspect specified in comments(00340)
Aspect: north
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Current velocity: no noticable current
Density of aquatic vegetation specified in comments(00130)
Distance to woodland specified in comments(00420)
Downed logs specified in comments(00660)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: fishless ponds
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - dries up completely
Inland wetlands: intermittent stream - flow stops, pools remain
Inland wetlands: marsh
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: spring branch
Inland wetlands: spring pool
Inland wetlands: waterhole or temporary pool
Leaf litter/ground debris specified in comments(00460)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: pools
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Ph/alkalinity specified in comments(00030)
Relative moistness of habitat positively correlated with species' occurrence
Relative moistness of habitat specified in comments(00730)
Water depth: shallow
Water level: permanently flooded
Water level: semipermanently flooded
| Code | Comment |
|---|---|
| 007 | In IL and NY breed in March *14,08*, in KS March - July *12*, in MI breed in 1 week during early spring *11*, in MN breed last 1/2 April *07* |
| 017 | In MN incubation 2 - 3 weeks. *07*, in IL a few days *14* |
| 018 | In IL and KS clutch size 2000 - 3000 *14,12*. Egg masses may contain 5000-7000 eggs *26*. Rarely breed more than twice in a lifetime *050*. |
| 022 | Males mature 1 year before females *11,07,16*. In MN females mature by 2nd year but breed in 3rd year, males mature in 1 year and breed in 2nd year *07,16*. |
| 028 | In MN study home range of 77.2 sq. Yds. *06* |
| 030 | In MN active mid-morning and late afternoon *10*. In MO active February-October *26* |
| 031 | In NJ pond with almost complete lack of vertebrate predators, where no predation was noted, survival from egg-laying to transformation was 63.5%, from hatching to transformation was 65.7% *24* |
| 035 | In IN leeches (macrobdella decora) may prey on eggs *15*. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatitis is a pathogen *046*. |
| 024 | In MI sex ratio 5.6 m:1 F at breeding sites *11* |
| 030 | Spend winter under leaf litter and duff or in shallow burrows *049*. |
| 033 | In Maine, peak migration linked to temperature and precipitation events *051*. |
| 099 | Deposit large, globular egg masses *052*. |
Home range size specified in comments(028)
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Periodicity specified in comments(030)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: stalking
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: water
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Spawning site: standing water
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Sex ratio specified in comments(024)
| Code | Comment |
|---|---|
| 007 | In IL and NY breed in March *14,08*, in KS March - July *12*, in MI breed in 1 week during early spring *11*, in MN breed last 1/2 April *07* |
| 017 | In MN incubation 2 - 3 weeks. *07*, in IL a few days *14* |
| 018 | In IL and KS clutch size 2000 - 3000 *14,12*. Egg masses may contain 5000-7000 eggs *26*. Rarely breed more than twice in a lifetime *050*. |
| 022 | Males mature 1 year before females *11,07,16*. In MN females mature by 2nd year but breed in 3rd year, males mature in 1 year and breed in 2nd year *07,16*. |
| 028 | In MN study home range of 77.2 sq. Yds. *06* |
| 030 | In MN active mid-morning and late afternoon *10*. In MO active February-October *26* |
| 031 | In NJ pond with almost complete lack of vertebrate predators, where no predation was noted, survival from egg-laying to transformation was 63.5%, from hatching to transformation was 65.7% *24* |
| 035 | In IN leeches (macrobdella decora) may prey on eggs *15*. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatitis is a pathogen *046*. |
| 024 | In MI sex ratio 5.6 m:1 F at breeding sites *11* |
| 030 | Spend winter under leaf litter and duff or in shallow burrows *049*. |
| 033 | In Maine, peak migration linked to temperature and precipitation events *051*. |
| 099 | Deposit large, globular egg masses *052*. |
References for life history: 024 , 026 , 001 , 049 , 046 , 050 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 015 , 016 , 052 , 051
Water - develop/maintain spawning/nesting facilities
Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - develop/maintain wetlands
Water - develop/maintain freshwater marsh
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - establish/maintain basking logs near shore
Forest - develop and maintain water holes, ponds, potholes, etc.
Forest - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - reforestation
Forest - suppression of wildfire
Forest - prohibit grazing
Beneficial Management References: 031 , 023
Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - dredging and filling
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides
Adverse Management References: 023
Comments on Management:
Beneficial management includes providing brush piles near breeding ponds *23*. Should maintain natural habitat conditions, including a diverse native plant community, with normal water fluctuations in swamps, marshes and oxbow lakes. Drawdown and moist soil management are generally detrimental. providing basking logs near shore will enhance marshes, swamps and oxbow lakes. *23* constructing ephemeral pools is beneficial. Should attempt to reestablish ephemeral pools where they once existed. Possible sites can be identified using aerial photos, topographic maps, and on-site inspections. Pools should be no more than 24" deep, 10-15' across and 30-60' long, with sloping sides and some type of structure (small trees and bushes) placed in the pool. during construction, move soil perpendicular to and away from the presumed direction of water flow, so excess water will flow away. Surrounding trees should not be removed. *31* appear to be relatively sensitive to the effects of intensive forest management. In ME, abundance declined along transects from mature closed-canopy stands to recently clearcut stands. Timber harvest effects can be minimized by retaining as much litter, canopy cover, understory vegetation, stumps and logs as possible. Effects of logging roads can be mitigated by constructing narrower roads, with little or no verge; leaving large-crowned trees at the road's edge to provide shade and litter; avoid the use of dessicating or toxic road-surface binding chemicals. *29*. In ME, used pools in depressions formed during industrial forest-management activities for spawning. The majority of these pools functioned as ecological traps in most years, due to short drying periods that resulted in extensive larval mortality. Recommended avoiding creation of these depressions, or, if unavoidable, to 1)locate them near existing forest stands and 2)create pools with sufficient depth, area and shading to promote adequate hydroperiods for emergence. *38*. Maintain landscapes with high densities of wetlands and sufficient upland habitat resources. Adverse management: landscape conversion that reduces density of habitat patches or impedes dispersal will increase extinction and reduce colonization *047*.
References for Management Comments: 031 , 034 , 038 , 047 , 023
| Reference Code | Citation |
|---|---|
| 001 | Johnson, T.R. 2000. The Amphibians And Reptiles Of Missouri, 2nd. Ed. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 400 Pp. |
| 002 | Unpb Checklist Of Missouri Amphibians. T.R. Johnson. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. Po Box 180 Jefferson City, Mo. 65102 (573-751-4115) |
| 003 | Martof, B.S. and R.L. Humphries. 1959. Geographic Variation In The Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica. Am. Midl. Nat. 61(2):350-389 |
| 004 | Hurter, J. 1911. Herpetology Of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Of Sci. St. Louis, 20(5): 59-274. |
| 005 | Gosner, K.L. 1959. Systematic Variations In Tadpole Teeth With Notes On Food. Herpetologica 15(2):203-210 |
| 006 | Bellis, E.D. 1962. Cover Value And Escape Habits Of The Wood Frog In A Minnesota Bog. Herpetologica 17(4):228-231 |
| 007 | Bellis, E.D. 1965. Home Ranges And Movements Of The Wood Frog In A Northern Bog. Ecology 46:90-98 |
| 008 | Moore, J.A. 1939. Temperature Tolerance And Rates Of Developement In The Eggs Of Amphibia. Ecology 20:459-478 |
| 009 | Heatwole, H. 1961. Habitat Selection And Activity Of The Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica Le Conte. Am. Midl. Nat. 66(2):301-313 |
| 010 | Bellis, E.D. 1962. The Influence Of Humidity On Wood Frog Activity. Am. Midl. Nat. 68(1):139-148 |
| 011 | Howard, R.D. 1980. Mating Behavior And Mating Success In Wood Frogs, Rana Sylvatica. Anim. Behay. 28(3):705-716 |
| 012 | Smith, H.M. 1950. Handbook Of Amphibians And Reptiles Of Kansas. Univ. Ks Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. #2. 336 Pp. |
| 013 | Conant, R. 1975. A Field Guide To Reptiles And Amphibians Of Eastern And Central North America, 2nd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston 429pp |
| 014 | Smith, P.W. 1961. The Amphibians And Reptiles Of Illinois. IL Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 28. 298 Pp. |
| 015 | Cory, B.L., Fsc, And J.J. Manion. 1953. Predation On Eggs Of The Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica, By Leeches. Copeia 1953:66 |
| 016 | Bellis, E.D. 1961. Growth Of The Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica. Copeia 1961:74-77 |
| 017 | Bleakney, S. 1958. Cannibalism In Rana Sylvatica Tadpoles. Herpetologica 14(1):34 |
| 018 | Marshall, W.H. and M.F. Buell. 1955. A Study Of The Occurrence Of Amphibians In Relation To A Bog Succession, Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Ecology 36(3):381-387 |
| 019 | Moore, J.E. and E.H. Strickland. 1955. Further Notes On The Food Of Alberta Amphibians. Am. Midl. Nat. 54(1):253-256 |
| 020 | Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp. |
| 021 | Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24. |
| 022 | Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp. |
| 023 | Unpb Johnson, T.R. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. P.O. Box 180 Jefferson City Mo 65102. (573-751-4115) |
| 024 | Seigel, R.A. 1983. Natural Survival Of Eggs And Tadpoles Of The Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica. Copeia 1983:1096-1098. |
| 025 | Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. |
| 026 | Johnson, T.R. 2000. The Amphibians And Reptiles Of Missouri, 2nd. Ed. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 400 Pp. |
| 027 | Collins, J.T. (Ed.). 1990. Standard Common And Current Scientifc Names For North American Amphibians And Reptiles, 3rd Ed. Soc. For The Study Of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herp. Cir. No. 19. 41 Pp. |
| 028 | Sadinski, W.J. and W.A. Dunson. 1992. A Multilevel Study Of Effects Of Low Ph On Amphibians Of Temporary Ponds. J. Herp. 26:413-422. |
| 029 | Hopey, M.E. and J.W. Petranka. 1994. Restriction Of Wood Frogs To Fish-Free Habitats: How Important Is Adult Choice? Copeia 1994(4):1023-1025. |
| 030 | Powell, R., T.R. Johnson and D.D. Smith. 1994. New Records Of Amphibians And Reptiles In Missouri For 1994. Missouri Herp. Assoc. Newsletter 7:5-7. |
| 031 | Doolan, R. and T.R. Johnson. 1995. Ephemeral Pools: Their Value And Construction. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 6 Pp. |
| 032 | Powell, R., T.R. Johnson and D.D. Smith. 1997. New Records Of Amphibians And Reptiles In Missouri For 1997. Mo Herp. Assoc. Newsletter 10:8-12. |
| 033 | Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp. |
| 034 | Unpb Demaynadier, P.G. 1996. Patterns Of Movement And Habitat Use By Amphibians In Maine's Managed Forests. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Maine. 222 Pp. |
| 035 | Werner, E.E. and K.S. Glennemeier. 1999. Influence Of Forest Canopy Cover On The Breeding Pond Distributions Of Several Amphibian Species. Copeia 1999(1):1-12. |
| 036 | Petranka, J.W., A.W. Rushlow and M.E. Hopey. 1998. Predation By Tadpoles Of Rana Sylvatic On Embryos Of Ambystoma Maculatum: Implications Of Ecological Role Reversal By Rana (Predator) And Ambystoma (Prey). Herpetologica 54(1):1-13. |
| 037 | Daniel, R.E. and B.S.Edmond. 2000. New And Previously Unreported Distribution Records Of Amphibians And Reptiles In Missouri For 2000. Mo Herp. Assoc. Newsletter 13:14-19. |
| 038 | unpb Dimaure, D. 1998. Reproduction Of Amphibians In Natural And Anthropogenic Temporary Pools In Managed Forests. Ms Thesis, Univ. Of Maine. 88 Pp. |
| 039 | Unpb Guerry, A.D. 2000. Amphibian Distributions In An Agricultural And Forested Mosaic: Forest Extent, Pond Isolation, And Landscape Context. Ms Thesis, Univ. Of Maine. 128 Pp. |
| 040 | Prather, J.W. and J.T. Briggler. 2001. Use Of Small Caves By Anurans During A Drought Period In The Arkansas Ozarks. J. Herp. 35(4):675-678. |
| 041 | Skelly, D.K., L.K. Freidenfurg and J.M. Kiesecker. 2002. Forest Canopy And The Performance Of Larval Amphibians. Ecology 83(4):983-992. |
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| 043 | Crother, B.I. (Ed.). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding (6th ed.). Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 37. |
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