Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: HAWK, SHARP-SHINNED

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: ACCIPITRIFORMES

Family: ACCIPITRIDAE

Genus: ACCIPITER

Species: STRIATUS

SubSpecies: VELOX

Taxonomic Authority: (WILSON)

Taxonomy References: 002 , 058

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S2
GLOBAL RANK G5

Status References: 034 , 057

Habitat Summary

"Preferred nesting habitat dense, even-aged stands of shortleaf pine greater than 15 acres in size, with 80% crown closure and average dbh 6-12\", surrounded by deciduous forest."

Primary Habitat: "Forest- upland"

References: 001

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Uncommon transient and winter resident, casual summer resident *48*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
ADAIR ATCHISON
ANDREW AUDRAIN
BARRY BUTLER
BARTON CALDWELL
BATES CARROLL
BENTON CEDAR
BOLLINGER CLARK
BUCHANAN DADE
CALLAWAY DAVIESS
CAMDEN DOUGLAS
CAPE GIRARDEAU DUNKLIN
CARTER GENTRY
CASS GRUNDY
CHARITON HARRISON
CHRISTIAN HICKORY
CLAY HOWARD
CLINTON JASPER
COLE JOHNSON
COOPER KNOX
CRAWFORD LAFAYETTE
DALLAS LAWRENCE
DEKALB LEWIS
DENT LINN
FRANKLIN LIVINGSTON
GASCONADE MACON
GREENE MADISON
HENRY MARIES
HOLT MERCER
HOWELL MONITEAU
IRON NEW MADRID
JACKSON PEMISCOT
JEFFERSON PETTIS
LACLEDE PLATTE
LINCOLN POLK
MARION PUTNAM
MCDONALD RANDOLPH
MILLER RAY
MISSISSIPPI RIPLEY
MONROE SALINE
MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER
MORGAN SCOTLAND
NEWTON SHELBY
NODAWAY ST. CLAIR
OREGON SULLIVAN
OSAGE VERNON
OZARK WARREN
PERRY WEBSTER
PHELPS WORTH
PIKE WRIGHT
PULASKI
RALLS
REYNOLDS
SCOTT
SHANNON
ST. CHARLES
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STODDARD
STONE
TANEY
TEXAS
WASHINGTON
WAYNE

References for distribution: 041 , 043 , 044 , 048 , 050 , 054 , 013 , 017 , 055 , 001 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 015 , 016 , 018 , 019

Distribution by Watersheds

Wyaconda R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Northwest Corner of Jackson County
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Marais Des Cygnes from Headwaters to Little Osage R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Aquatic Associations:

References for Aquatic Associations:

Habitat Types:

Shortleaf Pine Reproduction (3-9" dbh)
Mature Shortleaf Pine (open understory)
Shortleaf Pine Old Growth
Mature Shortleaf Pine (dense understory)
Fruiting Tree-Shrub
Eastern Red Cedar (70% + crown closure)
Eastern Red Cedar (30-70% crown closure)
Edge (Forest-Field)
Mature Oak-Hickory: (9" + dbh, dense understory)

References for Habitat Types: 035 , 045

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Forest
Upland forest
Dry Forest
Dry-Mesic Forest
Mesic Forest
Upland Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Forest
Upland Chert Forest
Dry Chert Forest
Dry-Mesic Chert Forest
Upland Sandstone Forest
Dry Sandstone Forest
Dry-Mesic Sandstone Forest
Mesic Sandstone Forest
Upland Sand Forest
Dry Sand Forest
Dry-Mesic Sand Forest
Mesic Sand Forest
Upland Igneous Forest
Dry Igneous Forest
Dry-Mesic Igneous Forest
Mesic Igneous Forest
Flatwoods

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 024 , 025 , 026 , 027 , 028

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Juvenile diet similar to adult's; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 046 , 001

Adult Food Habits

Lepidoptera (butterflies); Larva stage
Mammals; Juvenile stage
Birds; Juvenile stage
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Sauria (lizards, skinks); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Bombycillidae (waxwings); Not Specified
Sturnidae (starlings); Not Specified
Parulidae (wood warblers); Not Specified
Fringillidae (grosbeaks, sparrows, finches, and buntings); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Cuculiformes (cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis); Not Specified
Piciformes (woodpeckers); Not Specified
Passeriformes; Not Specified
Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers); Not Specified
Corvidae (jays, magpies, and crows); Not Specified
Muscicapidae (thrushes); Not Specified
Birds; Not Specified
Falconiformes; Not Specified
Accipitridae (kites, hawks, and harriers); Not Specified
Galliformes; Not Specified
Phasianidae (quails and pheasant); Not Specified
Columbiformes (pigeons and doves); Not Specified
Soricidae (shrews); Not Specified
Leporidae (rabbits); Not Specified
Sciuridae (squirrels, chipmunks, prairie dogs); Not Specified
Geomyidae (pocket gophers); Not Specified
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Not Specified
Muridae (Norway rat, house mouse); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Adult Stage

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 040 , 044 , 046 , 047 , 020 , 021 , 024 , 025 , 026 , 027 , 029 , 031 , 032 , 033

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 020 , 027

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

General habitat association specified in comments(00270)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 022 , 023 , 025 , 026 , 027

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: ridges
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: ravines
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Aspect: north
Aspect specified in comments(00340)
Edge: coniferous trees/deciduous trees edge
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Forest openings (clearings, treefall gaps, etc.)
Distance to forest opening specified in comments(00390)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Canopy closure (%) of conifers specified in comments(00571)
Canopy closure (%) of deciduous trees specified in comment(00572)
Canopy height specified in comments(00575)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Dbh of overstory trees specified in comments(00592)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 044 , 046 , 052 , 053 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 024 , 025 , 026 , 027 , 028

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Snags

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 038 , 040 , 020 , 027

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Snags

References for resting adult niche requirements: 022 , 023 , 025 , 026 , 027

Niche Requirement Summary

Aspect specified in comments(00340)
Aspect: north
Basal area specified in comments(00780)
Canopy closure (%) of conifers specified in comments(00571)
Canopy closure (%) of deciduous trees specified in comment(00572)
Canopy closure (%) specified in comments(00530)
Canopy height specified in comments(00575)
Dbh of nest trees specified in comments(00590)
Dbh of overstory trees specified in comments(00592)
Distance to forest opening specified in comments(00390)
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Edge: coniferous trees/deciduous trees edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Forest openings (clearings, treefall gaps, etc.)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Isolation from humans required; should be relatively inaccessible
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: ravines
Natural features: ridges
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Size of continuous forest stand specified in comments(00360)
Slope specified in comments(00330)
Snags
Stem density specified in comments(00650)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Subcanopy closure specified in comments(00600)
Successional stage: abandoned field

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
022 In or, begin nesting at greater than 2 years of age *30*
005 Perch on snags to spot prey *39*. Can capture prey deep within foliage *27*. In CO, foraged in ground-shrub, shrub-canopy and canopy zones *46*.
007 In KS may lay eggs April-May *23*. May lay eggs from mid-April - late June *25* in MO study, most clutches completed May 7 - June 7 *44*
013 May not reuse same nest each year but probably use same nesting area *22,25,27,37*. In MO study, reoccupancy rate 67% *44*. Nest sites were re-used in CO study *46*.
014 Nest height may range from 6' - 60' *21, 25,27*. In KS nest height greater than 20' *23*. Average nest height 30-35' *37*. In MO study nest height average 12 m *44*. In CO, averaged 11 m *46*.
016 Nest dimensions 14" diameter, 6" high *21*, outside diameter 24-26", 7" high, inside diameter 6", 2-3 "deep *37*, approximately 24" diameter, 8" deep *27*, average diameter 26x25", 7" deep *25*. In MO study, nests 49.3 cm long, 37.9 cm wide, 28.1 cm deep *44*
017 Incubation period may be 21-24 days *25,37*, 30-32 days *22,27,30,40*, or even 34-35 days *24*
018 Clutch size may be 4-5 eggs*24,26,37*, mean clutch size 4.3 eggs *22,27*, in KS clutch size 4 *23*, in CO, averaged 4.7 *46*. Clutch size 3-6 *25,44*, average 4.5, with brood size average 3.5 *44*
028 Nesting range .26 - .51 sq. Miles *27*
033 In WI there are 2 peaks in autumn migration. The 1st in mid-September of immature birds. The 2nd in mid-oct. Of adult birds *29*. In WI 93% of birds seen on days of westerly winds. 72% seen within 2 days of passage of cold front. 69% seen on days when air temps. Had dropped during previous 24 hrs. . 84% seen on days when sun shown for at least 1/2 of daylight period. Prob. Fly on days when conditions are favorable for updrafts *29*. Migration 2-peaked. 1st peak usually immatures. The 2nd peak mostly adults. Winter migration between mid-September and mid-October . May move up to 70 miles a day *27*. Adult males migrate significantly earlier than adult females, and juvenile females migrate before males *056*.
035 Causes of mortality include shooting, poisoning, starvation, predation . Suffer high mortality in 1st year *27*
099 Young fledge at 21-24 days, are dependent on parents for food for additional 30-40 days *40*

Life History Information

Home range size specified in comments(028)
Periodicity: active in day
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: hawking
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: snags
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials: bark
Nest dimensions specified in comments(016)
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Parental care of young: both parents
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
022 In or, begin nesting at greater than 2 years of age *30*
005 Perch on snags to spot prey *39*. Can capture prey deep within foliage *27*. In CO, foraged in ground-shrub, shrub-canopy and canopy zones *46*.
007 In KS may lay eggs April-May *23*. May lay eggs from mid-April - late June *25* in MO study, most clutches completed May 7 - June 7 *44*
013 May not reuse same nest each year but probably use same nesting area *22,25,27,37*. In MO study, reoccupancy rate 67% *44*. Nest sites were re-used in CO study *46*.
014 Nest height may range from 6' - 60' *21, 25,27*. In KS nest height greater than 20' *23*. Average nest height 30-35' *37*. In MO study nest height average 12 m *44*. In CO, averaged 11 m *46*.
016 Nest dimensions 14" diameter, 6" high *21*, outside diameter 24-26", 7" high, inside diameter 6", 2-3 "deep *37*, approximately 24" diameter, 8" deep *27*, average diameter 26x25", 7" deep *25*. In MO study, nests 49.3 cm long, 37.9 cm wide, 28.1 cm deep *44*
017 Incubation period may be 21-24 days *25,37*, 30-32 days *22,27,30,40*, or even 34-35 days *24*
018 Clutch size may be 4-5 eggs*24,26,37*, mean clutch size 4.3 eggs *22,27*, in KS clutch size 4 *23*, in CO, averaged 4.7 *46*. Clutch size 3-6 *25,44*, average 4.5, with brood size average 3.5 *44*
028 Nesting range .26 - .51 sq. Miles *27*
033 In WI there are 2 peaks in autumn migration. The 1st in mid-September of immature birds. The 2nd in mid-oct. Of adult birds *29*. In WI 93% of birds seen on days of westerly winds. 72% seen within 2 days of passage of cold front. 69% seen on days when air temps. Had dropped during previous 24 hrs. . 84% seen on days when sun shown for at least 1/2 of daylight period. Prob. Fly on days when conditions are favorable for updrafts *29*. Migration 2-peaked. 1st peak usually immatures. The 2nd peak mostly adults. Winter migration between mid-September and mid-October . May move up to 70 miles a day *27*. Adult males migrate significantly earlier than adult females, and juvenile females migrate before males *056*.
035 Causes of mortality include shooting, poisoning, starvation, predation . Suffer high mortality in 1st year *27*
099 Young fledge at 21-24 days, are dependent on parents for food for additional 30-40 days *40*

References for life history: 037 , 039 , 044 , 046 , 056 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 024 , 025 , 026 , 027 , 029 , 030

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Shrub/brush - maintain riparian habitats
Shrub/brush - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Shrub/brush - maintain habitat diversity
Urban - supplemental feeding (bird feeding stations)
Forest - seasonal restriction of human use of habitats
Forest - maintain early stage of ecological succession
Forest - maintain wilderness environment
Forest - maintain riparian habitats
Forest - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Forest - maintain streamside vegetation
Forest - maintain habitat diversity
Forest - reforestation
Forest - maintain old growth forests
Forest - retain snags/cavity trees

Beneficial Management References: 039 , 042 , 001 , 027 , 028

Adverse Managment Practices:

Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Forest - application of pesticides
Forest - application of insecticides

Adverse Management References: 001 , 027 , 028

Comments on Management:
Do not isolate nest sites by clearcutting or thinning *28*. Disturbance should be avoided April-September *44*. Recommendations for nesting habitat: maintain high overstory densities and dense understory vegetation. When cutting must occur in a pine stand, a minimum of 6 ha should be left uncut, centered around most recent active nest, and cutting should occur outside the April-September nesting season. Stands selected as nesting habitat should be approximately 1.6 km apart, and within .4 km of water and forest openings. They should be dense, even- aged stands 25-45 years old, with basal area 23-46 sq. M, average dbh 16-30 cm, and at least 6 ha in size. Stands not previously cut are preferred. Long-range management should include planning for replacement stands as existing stands move out of the optimum range of age classes. *44*. A CO study recommended 1-14 ha patches of conifers within a 1-2 square km continuous deciduous forest, with no more than 20% of the area in openings less than 10 ha. Conifer patches should be within 400 m of water, have no roads within 400 m and no timber harvest within 1 km. patches should be less than 2 km apart. Timber harvests in the area should be less than 60 m wide. *46*. In southeast Missouri used greentree reservoirs during winter *49*.

References for Management Comments: 044 , 046 , 049 , 028

References

Reference Code Citation
001 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
002 American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
003 Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2.
004 Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
005 Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
006 Birds Of The Bennett Spring State Park Area Field Checklist. Nature Interpretive Center Staff.
007 Birds Of Mingo National Wildlife Refuge.1970.Department Of The Interior Fish And Wildlife Service.Bureau Of Sport Fisheries And Wildlife.Refuge Leaflet 179-R3.
008 Dierker, W.W. 1979. Birds Of The Hannibal, Missouri Area. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 13: 41-51.
009 Unpb Breeding Bird Survey. J.D. Wilson. Mo Dept. Of Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102 (573-751-4115).
010 The Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species Of Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
011 Cruickshank, A.D. 1963. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 17(2): 73-290.
012 Heilbrun, L.H. 1975. 1974-1975 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 29(2):178-603.
013 Heilbrun, L.H. 1977. 1976-1977 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 31(4):428-909.
014 Heilbrun, L.H. 1978. 1977-1978 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 32(4):447-911.
015 Heilbrun, L.H. 1979. 1978-1979 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 33(4):327-707.
016 Robbins, M. 1975. Winter Survey. Bluebird 42(3):12-14.
017 Jones, D.M. 1976. Missouri Christmas Bird Count 1975. Bluebird 43(2):8-23.
018 Robbins, M. 1977. Winter Survey. Bluebird 44(1):17-28.
019 Matthews, R. 1977. Birding At Camp Rising Sun. Bluebird 44(4):9-10.
020 Gloyd, H.K. 1925. Field Studies Of The Diurnal Raptors Of Eastern And Central Kansas. Wilson Bull. 37:133-149.
021 Munro, J.A. 1940. Food Of The Sharp-Shinned Hawk. Condor 42:168-169.
022 Platt, J.B. 1976. Sharp-Shinned Hawk Nesting And Nest Site Selection In Utah. Condor 78:102-103.
023 Johnston, R.F. 1964. The Breeding Birds Of Kansas. Univ. Ks Publs. Mus. Nat. Hist. 12(14):575-655.
024 Brown, L. and D. Amadon. 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons Of The World. Vol. 1. Mcgraw-Hill Book Co. Ny, Ny. 414pp.
025 Bent, A.C. 1937. Life Histories Of North American Birds Of Prey. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 167. 409 Pp.
026 Parry, G. and R. Putnam. 1979. Birds Of Prey. Simon and Schuster. New York. 120 Pp.
027 Jones, S. 1979. Habitat Management Series For Unique Or Endangered Species. Report No. 17. The Accipiters - Goshawk, Cooper's Hawk, Sharp-Shinned Hawk. Tech. Note Usdi, Bur. Land Manage., Denver. 51pp
028 Call, M.W. 1979. Habitat Management Guides For Birds Of Prey. U.S. Bur. Land Manage. Tech. Note 338. 70 Pp.
029 Mueller, H.C. and D.D. Berger. 1970. Prey Preferences In The Sharp-Shinned Hawk. The Roles Of Sex, Experience, And Motivation. Auk 87:452-457.
030 Reynolds, R.T. and H.M. Wight. 1978. Distribution, Density, And Productivity Of Accipiter Hawks Breeding In Oregon. Wilson Bull. 90:182-196.
031 Errington, P.L. 1933. Food Habits Of Southern Wisconsin Raptors. Condor 35:19-29.
032 Storer, R.W. 1966. Sexual Dimorphism And Food Habits In Three North American Accipiters. Auk 83:423-436.
033 Stupka, A. 1933. Ohio Reports On Food Habits Of Hawks And Owls. Bird-Lore 35:241-242
034 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
035 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
036 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
037 Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
038 Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp.
039 Nilon, C. 1982. Importance Of Urban Woodlat Habitat To Breeding And Winter Birds. Mo Dept. Of Conservation P-R Proj. W-13-R-36, Study 64, Job No 1.
040 Reynolds, R.T. and E.C. Meslow. 1984. Partitioning Of Food And Niche Characteristics Of Coexisting Accipiter During Breeding. Auk 101:761-779.
041 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
042 Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1986. Management Of Old Growth Forests In Missouri. Habitat Management Series No. 3. 16 Pp.
043 Unpb Wilson, J.D. and B. Jacobs. 1988. The Distribution And Breeding Status Of The Birds Of Missouri (Preliminary Report). Mo Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
044 Unpb Kritz, K.J. 1989. Nesting Ecology And Nest Site Habitat Of Sharp-Shinned And Cooper's Hawks In Missouri. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 84 Pp
045 Smith, J.W. 1987. An Evaluation Of The Effects Of Wetland Management/Greentree Reservoir Management On Birds At The Ted Shanks Wildlife Management Area. Mo Dept. Conserv. P-R Proj. W-13-R-40, Study No. 50, Job No. 2 and 3.
046 Joy, S.M. 1991. Feeding Ecology Of Sharp-Shinned Hawks And Nest Site Characteristics Of Accipiters In Colorado. Colorado Division Of Wildlife Research Report. Project W-152-5, Work Plan 21, Job 4. 70 Pp.
047 Joy, S.M., R.T. Reynolds, R.L. Knight and R.W. Hoffman. 1994. Feeding Ecology Of Sharp-Shinned Hawks Nesting In Deciduous And Coniferous Forests In Colorado. Condor 96:455-467.
048 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
049 Smith, J.W. 1995. An Evaluation Of Avian Response To Timber Management In A Greentree Reservoir. Mo Dept. Of Conservation Final Report, P-R Project W-13-R-49, Study 94, Job No. 1. 32 Pp.
050 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
051 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 51 Pp.
052 Meiklejohn, B.A. and J.W. Hughes. 1999. Bird Communities In Riparian Buffer Strips Of Industrial Forests. Am. Midl. Nat. 141:172-184.
053 Trexel, D.R., R.N. Rosenfield, J. Bielefeldt and E.A. Jacobs. 1999. Comparative Nest Site Habitats In Sharp-Shinned And Cooper's Hawks In Wisconsin. Wilson Bull. 111(1):7-14.
054 Unpb Mccarty, K. 2000 Collector's Permit Report. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. 573-751-4115.
055 Unpb Big Oak Tree State Park. Bird Checklists. 13640 South Hwy. 102, East Prairie, MO 63845, 573-649-3149.
056 Mueller, HC, DD Berger, and NS Mueller. 2003. Age and sex differences in the timing of spring migration of hawks and falcons. Wilson Bulletin 115(3): 321-324.
057 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2011. Missouri species and communities of conservation concern checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. pp. 55.
058 Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C.Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz and K.Winker. 2010. 51st Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 127(3):726-744.