Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System

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Taxonomy

Common Name: SHRIKE, LOGGERHEAD

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: PASSERIFORMES

Family: LANIIDAE

Genus: LANIUS

Species: LUDOVICIANUS

SubSpecies: MIGRANS

Taxonomic Authority: PALMER

Taxonomy References: 002

Status

NONGAME
STATE RANK S2
GLOBAL RANK G4

Status References: 016 , 024 , 031 , 039 , 048 , 051 , 040

Habitat Summary

"Inhabits open country with scattered trees and shrubs, fencerows and hedgerows. Prefers areas with thorny trees and short herbaceous vegetation. Require elevated foraging perches."

Primary Habitat: "Savanna/Shrub/Woodland matrix"

References: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 031

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Uncommon permanent resident in west, rare in east *01*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
ADAIR
ANDREW
ATCHISON
AUDRAIN
BARRY
BARTON
BATES
BENTON
BOLLINGER
BOONE
BUCHANAN
BUTLER
CALDWELL
CALLAWAY
CAMDEN
CAPE GIRARDEAU
CARROLL
CARTER
CASS
CEDAR
CHARITON
CHRISTIAN
CLARK
CLAY
CLINTON
COLE
COOPER
CRAWFORD
DADE
DALLAS
DAVIESS
DEKALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
GREENE
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOLT
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MARION
MCDONALD
MERCER
MILLER
MISSISSIPPI
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEW MADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
PERRY
PETTIS
PHELPS
PIKE
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RALLS
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SCOTT
SHANNON
SHELBY
ST. CHARLES
ST. CLAIR
ST. FRANCOIS
ST. LOUIS
STE. GENEVIEVE
STODDARD
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
VERNON
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 001 , 003 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 010 , 011 , 012 , 013 , 014 , 016 , 017 , 018 , 019 , 037 , 050 , 015

Distribution by Watersheds

Des Moines R.
Wyaconda R.
North Fabius R. and Middle Fabius R.
South Fabius R.
Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
North Fork from Headwaters to South Fork
South Fork from Headwaters to North Fork
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Headwaters to Wappapello Dam
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Area Bordered by Black R. and St. Francis R. South of Quintan, MO
Mo. R. from Iowa Border to Nishnabotna R.
Nishnabotna R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Northwest Corner of Jackson County
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Thompson R.
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Headwaters to Shuteye Creek
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Marais Des Cygnes from Headwaters to Little Osage R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Niangua R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Blackwater R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
White R. above Tablerock Dam
James R.
White R. below Tablerock Dam and Little North Fork White R.
North Fork White R.
Black R.
Current R.
Fourche Creek
Warm Fork Spring R. and South Fork
Eleven Point R.
Lost Creek
Spring R.
Indian Creek

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Cedar Glades
Oak-Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
ALL

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains
Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Big Rivers: Lower Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Ozark: St. Francois Mountains
Ozark: Elk River
Ozark: White River
Ozark: Lower Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Aquatic Associations:

References for Aquatic Associations:

Habitat Types:

Cereal Grain
Perennial Grass (Warm season)
Perennial Grass (cool-season)
Shrub-Grass
Fruiting Tree-Shrub
Eastern Red Cedar (30-70% crown closure)
Savanna (Grass-Shrub)

References for Habitat Types: 025 , 031 , 045

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Savanna
Dry Savanna
Dry-Mesic Savanna
Mesic Savanna
Limestone/Dolomite Savanna
Chert Savanna
Sandstone Savanna
Sand Savanna
Igneous Savanna
Prairie
Dry Prairie
Dry-Mesic Prairie
Mesic Prairie
Wet-Mesic Prairie
Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Dry Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Dry-Mesic Limestone/Dolomite Prairie
Chert Prairie
Dry Chert Prairie
Dry-Mesic Chert Prairie
Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Dry Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Dry-Mesic Sandstone/Shale Prairie
Sand Prairie
Dry Sand Prairie
Dry-Mesic Sand Prairie
Hardpan Prairie

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 025 , 028

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Juvenile diet similar to adult's; Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 021 , 022 , 023 , 027 , 030 , 031 , 056

Adult Food Habits

Lepidoptera (butterflies); Larva stage
Hemiptera (water bugs, water boatmen, stink bugs); Not Specified
Coleoptera (beetles); Not Specified
Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitos, gnats); Not Specified
Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, wasps, bees); Not Specified
Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Amphibians; Not Specified
Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, daddy longlegs); Not Specified
Crustaceans; Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies); Not Specified
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids); Not Specified
Parulidae (wood warblers); Not Specified
Fringillidae (grosbeaks, sparrows, finches, and buntings); Not Specified
Terrestrial Insects; Not Specified
See comments on seasonal variation; Not Specified
Arthropods; Not Specified
Snails; Not Specified
Cricetidae (woodrats, mice, voles, lemmings); Not Specified
Birds; Not Specified
Apodidae (swifts); Not Specified
Alaudidae (larks); Not Specified
Troglodytidae (wrens); Not Specified
Muscicapidae (thrushes); Not Specified
Salientia (frogs, toads, peepers, tree frogs); Not Specified
Reptiles; Not Specified
Serpentes (snakes); Not Specified
Mammals; Not Specified
Soricidae (shrews); Not Specified
Talpidae (moles); Not Specified
Lepidoptera (butterflies); Adult Stage

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 021 , 022 , 023 , 027 , 030 , 031 , 032 , 043 , 056

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Shrubs
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Hedgerows
Fencerows: shrubby fencerows
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 031

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Elevation specified in comments(00240)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Shrubs
Hedgerows
Fencerows: shrubby fencerows

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 031

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Shrubs: multiflora rose
Shrubs
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Hedgerows
Windbreaks
Fencerows: shrubby fencerows
Fencerows: wooded fencerows
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 031 , 035 , 041 , 042 , 044 , 045 , 046 , 049 , 052

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Snags
Shrubs
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Agricultural crops: small grains
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Hedgerows
Fencerows: shrubby fencerows
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 031 , 034 , 044 , 045 , 053 , 054

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements: 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 028 , 031

Niche Requirement Summary

Agricultural crops specified in comments(00670)
Agricultural crops: hay
Agricultural crops: small grains
Edge: grassland/old field edge
Edge: woodland/grassland edge
Edge: woodland/old field edge
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Fencerows: shrubby fencerows
Fencerows: wooded fencerows
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Hedgerows
Height of herbaceous vegetation specified in comments(00630)
Height of nest trees specified in comments(00580)
Human association: residential lawn/ornamental trees/shrubs
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Shrubs
Shrubs: multiflora rose
Snags
Successional stage specified in comments(00370)
Successional stage: abandoned field
Successional stage: stable prairie/grassland
Windbreaks

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
005	Perch on snags to spot prey 34. Have developed impaling behavior where prey are impaled, dismembered, and fed to nestlings. Honey locust, osage orange, and barbed wire fences are used as impaling substrate. Prey are impaled 24.5m from nest or directly on nesting tree which acts as food storage. 056.
011	Nest in dense bushes or small trees 32
022	Mature at 1 year 21
007	Nest March-May 27. In MO, males arrive in mid-February and establish territories, peak nest initiation in late April 31
013	Return to nest in same tree or clump of trees, sometimes to same limb, for up to 6 years 32. In a MO study, 47% of banded males returned to the same territory, none of the banded females returned 31. A ND study found low site fidelity in females. Females may switch mates during breeding season, or re-use nests of shrikes or other birds during a single breeding season. 38
014	Nest height 5-30', usually 8-15' 21,27, average 2.03 m 20, in MO study, average 3.2 m, nests higher in deciduous trees, red cedars, isolated nests, and 2nd nests 31
017	Incubation 16 days 20,21,28, average 17 days, range 16-20 days in a MO study 31
018	Clutch size 4-8, usually 4-5 21,28, 3-7, usually 5-6 31,39
021	Both parents care for young till fledging, then male cares for young for another 3-4 weeks 31
027	Territory size 18.7 acres 21. In a MO study, territories average 4.6 ha, were larger during incubating stage than during nestling stage, also, size positively correlated with % of rowcrops in territory, and negatively correlated with % of grasslands 31
019	18.4% of successful nesters attempted a second nest in a MO study 31
031	Nestling mortality 44.1% 20
033	Migrate in daytime, individually rather than in flocks. Birds which wintered on MO study area didn't nest there. Migration may indirectly be a response to the degree of snow cover. Late date of fall departure from MO November 15, early date of spring arrival March 11. Banding evidence indicates that winter population and breeding population are completely separate. 31
034	Causes of decline: persecution, pesticides, and loss of habitat 31
099	Impale prey on thorns, barbed wire, or in fork of branch 21,22,29,31,32. Young fledge at 16-20 days 20,21, 17-21 days, averaged 19.1 days.31 after fledging, remain in nest tree 2-3 days, remain dependant on parents for 3-4 weeks post-fledging 31. Become proficient at catching insects at about 37 days 33. In a MO study, nest success 93.8 in deciduous trees, 42.9 in multiflora rose, and 62.5 in eastern red cedar. Hatching success averaged 85.3%, and fledging success averaged 59.4%. 31. Nest failures due to predation, weather 31,20, abandonment, and disturbance 31. Are persistant renesters if clutch is destroyed 31. Nests usually at least 400 m apart 20. Perches include powerlines, fences, trees, snags, shrubs. Use of high perches increases from winter to summer 35. A MN study found 76% hatching success, 73% nest success. Is a host to the brown-headed cowbird 059.

Life History Information

Territory size specified in comments(027)
Periodicity: active in day
Periodicity: active at dawn or dusk
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: hovering
Foraging strategy: hawking
Foraging sites: ground
Foraging sites: air
Foraging sites: snags
Foraging sites specified in comments(005)
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Display site: air
Nest/den site: shrubs
Nest/den site: trees
Nest/den site specified in comments(011)
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest height specified in comments(014)
Nest materials: grasses
Nest materials: forbs
Nest materials: twigs
Nest materials: sticks
Nest materials: vegetative down
Nest materials: bark
Nest materials: hair or feathers
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Number of broods/litter per year: two
Number of broods/litters per year specified in comments(019)
Development of young at birth/hatching: altricial
Parental care of young: both parents
Parental care of young specified in comments(021)
Age at sexual maturity specified in comments(022)
Territoriality: defends entire breeding, feeding, and nesting territory

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
005	Perch on snags to spot prey 34. Have developed impaling behavior where prey are impaled, dismembered, and fed to nestlings. Honey locust, osage orange, and barbed wire fences are used as impaling substrate. Prey are impaled 24.5m from nest or directly on nesting tree which acts as food storage. 056.
011	Nest in dense bushes or small trees 32
022	Mature at 1 year 21
007	Nest March-May 27. In MO, males arrive in mid-February and establish territories, peak nest initiation in late April 31
013	Return to nest in same tree or clump of trees, sometimes to same limb, for up to 6 years 32. In a MO study, 47% of banded males returned to the same territory, none of the banded females returned 31. A ND study found low site fidelity in females. Females may switch mates during breeding season, or re-use nests of shrikes or other birds during a single breeding season. 38
014	Nest height 5-30', usually 8-15' 21,27, average 2.03 m 20, in MO study, average 3.2 m, nests higher in deciduous trees, red cedars, isolated nests, and 2nd nests 31
017	Incubation 16 days 20,21,28, average 17 days, range 16-20 days in a MO study 31
018	Clutch size 4-8, usually 4-5 21,28, 3-7, usually 5-6 31,39
021	Both parents care for young till fledging, then male cares for young for another 3-4 weeks 31
027	Territory size 18.7 acres 21. In a MO study, territories average 4.6 ha, were larger during incubating stage than during nestling stage, also, size positively correlated with % of rowcrops in territory, and negatively correlated with % of grasslands 31
019	18.4% of successful nesters attempted a second nest in a MO study 31
031	Nestling mortality 44.1% 20
033	Migrate in daytime, individually rather than in flocks. Birds which wintered on MO study area didn't nest there. Migration may indirectly be a response to the degree of snow cover. Late date of fall departure from MO November 15, early date of spring arrival March 11. Banding evidence indicates that winter population and breeding population are completely separate. 31
034	Causes of decline: persecution, pesticides, and loss of habitat 31
099	Impale prey on thorns, barbed wire, or in fork of branch 21,22,29,31,32. Young fledge at 16-20 days 20,21, 17-21 days, averaged 19.1 days.31 after fledging, remain in nest tree 2-3 days, remain dependant on parents for 3-4 weeks post-fledging 31. Become proficient at catching insects at about 37 days 33. In a MO study, nest success 93.8 in deciduous trees, 42.9 in multiflora rose, and 62.5 in eastern red cedar. Hatching success averaged 85.3%, and fledging success averaged 59.4%. 31. Nest failures due to predation, weather 31,20, abandonment, and disturbance 31. Are persistant renesters if clutch is destroyed 31. Nests usually at least 400 m apart 20. Perches include powerlines, fences, trees, snags, shrubs. Use of high perches increases from winter to summer 35. A MN study found 76% hatching success, 73% nest success. Is a host to the brown-headed cowbird 059.

References for life history: 001 , 003 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 023 , 027 , 028 , 029 , 031 , 032 , 033 , 034 , 035 , 038 , 039 , 056 , 057

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Shrub/brush - maintain riparian habitats
Shrub/brush - control grazing of domestic livestock
Shrub/brush - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Agricultural - maintain riparian habitats
Agricultural - control grazing by domestic livestock
Agricultural - prescribed/controlled burning
Agricultural - haying/mowing
Agricultural - maintain streamside vegetation
Agricultural - develop/maintain hedgerows
Agricultural - maintain woodlots
Agricultural - develop/maintain windbreaks
Agricultural - maintain fencerows
Forest - prescribed/controlled burning
Forest - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Grassland - maintain riparian habitats
Grassland - control grazing of domestic livestock
Grassland - prescribed/controlled burning
Grassland - develop/maintain edge (ecotones)
Grassland - haying/mowing

Beneficial Management References: 055 , 003 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 031 , 041

Adverse Managment Practices:

Shrub/brush - application of herbicides
Shrub/brush - application of pesticides
Shrub/brush - application of insecticides
Shrub/brush - maintain natural ecological ecological succession
Agricultural - application of herbicides
Agricultural - application of pesticides
Agricultural - application of insecticides
Grassland - application of herbicides
Grassland - application of pesticides
Grassland - application of insecticides
Grassland - maintain natural ecological ecological succession

Adverse Management References: 003 , 020 , 021 , 022 , 031

Comments on Management:
Should continue to monitor the breeding population *31*. Fencerows and thorny native vegetation should be encouraged. Nesting cover should be reestablished with plantings (not multiflora rose) in areas with abundant grassland *31*. Controlled grazing can be beneficial *20,21*. A SC study recommended providing territory-size (approximately 10-20 acres) mosaics of short grass and sparsely vegetated bare areas *45*. Preferred grass height has been debated, however. A canada study recommended increasing the prevalance of tall (greater than 20 cm) grass in areas with suitable breeding habitat *44*. In IL, abundance was positively correlated with the amount of ungrazed pasture and hay meadows and covercrops, and negatively correlated with the amount of harvested cropland and woodland *41*. In OH study, hunting success was not affected by mowing, though prey species taken were affected *47*. In FL, occurred in pine forest that was burned annually, disappeared from unburned plots within 5 years after fire was discontinued *55*.

References for Management Comments: 055 , 020 , 021 , 031 , 041 , 043 , 044 , 045

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
002	American Ornithologists Union. 1957. Checklist Of North American Birds, 5th Ed. Lord Baltimore Press. Baltimore, Md. 691 Pp.
003	Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
004	Unpb Rathert, J. Mo Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201. (573)-882-9880.
005	Birds Of Squaw Creek National Wildife Refuge. 1975. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. Rf-663560-2.
006	Birds Of The Bennett Spring State Park Area Field Checklist. Nature Interpretive Center Staff.
007	Duck Creek Bird Checklist. 1979. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, Jefferson City, Mo.
008	Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
009	Dierker, W.W. 1979. Birds Of The Hannibal, Missouri Area. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 13: 41-51.
010	Unpb Breeding Bird Survey(1975,1977,1978,1979). J.D. Wilson, Mo Dept Of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)-751-4115.
011	Unpb Biang, L.P. (Personal Comm.). Rte. 2, Box 113 B. Norwood, Mo 65717.
012	Jones, D.M. 1976. Missouri Christmas Bird Count 1975. Bluebird 43(2):8-23.
013	Comfort, J. 1974. Missouri Christmas Bird Count 1973. Bluebird 41(1):9-15.
014	Heilbrun, L.H. 1978. 1977-1978 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 32(4):447-911.
015	Heilbrun, L.H. 1976. 1975-1976 Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 30(2):182-633.
016	Cruickshank, A.D. 1965. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 19(2):85-340.
017	Cruickshank, A.D. 1963. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 17(2): 73-290.
018	Cruickshank, A.D. 1966. Christmas Bird Count. Aud. Field Notes 20(2):97-384.
019	Cruickshank, A.D. 1971. Christmas Bird Count. Amer. Birds 25(2):131-514.
020	Porter, D.K., M.S. Strong, J.B. Giezentanner, and R.A. Ryder. 1975. Nest Ecology, Productivity, And Growth Of The Loggerhead Shrike On The Shortgrass Prairie. Southwestern Nat. 19:429-436.
021	Degraaf, R.M., G.M. Whitman, J.W. Lanier, B.J. Hill and J.M. Keniston 1980. Forest Habitat For Birds Of The Northeast. U.S.D.A.F.S. 598 Pp.
022	Graber, R.R., J.W. Graber and E.L. Kirk. 1973. Illinois Birds: Laniidae. IL Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes No. 83. 18 Pp.
023	Morrison, M.L. 1980. Seasonal Aspects Of The Predatory Behavior Of Loggerhead Shrikes. Condor 82(3):296-300.
024	The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
025	Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
026	Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
027	Smith, S.M. 1973. An Aggressive Display And Related Behavior In The Loggerhead Shrike. Auk 90(2):287-298.
028	Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide To Birds Nests In The United States East Of The Mississippi River. Houghton - Mifflin Co., Boston 257 Pp.
029	Applegate, R.D. 1977. Possible Ecological Role Of Food Caches Of Loggerhead Shrikes. Auk 94:391-392.
030	Craig, R.B. 1978. An Analysis Of The Predatory Behavior Of The Loggerhead Shrike. Auk 95:221-234.
031	Unpb Kridelbaugh, A.L. 1982. An Ecological Study Of Loggerhead Shrikes In Central Missouri. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Mo-Columbia. 114 Pp.
032	Miller, A.H. 1931. Systematic Revision And Natural History Of The American Shrikes (Lanius). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 38:11-242. Cited In Ref. No. 31.
033	Smith, S.M. 1973. A Study Of Prey-Attack Behavior In Young Loggerhead Shrikes, Lanius Ludovicianus L. Behavior 44:113-114.
034	Missouri Dept. Of Conservation and U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Management Of Snags And Cavity Trees In Missouri. Mo Cons. Comm, Jefferson City, Mo. 21 Pp.
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