Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Conservation

Taxonomy

Common Name: TERN, INTERIOR LEAST

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class: AVES

Order: CHARADRIIFORMES

Family: LARIDAE

Genus: STERNULA

Species: ANTILLARUM

SubSpecies: ATHALASSOS

Taxonomic Authority: LESSON

Taxonomy References: 044 , 043 , 001

Status

NONGAME
STATE ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S2
GLOBAL RANK G4T2Q

Status References: 028 , 003 , 008 , 019 , 038 , 040

Habitat Summary

"Occur on sand or gravel bars of streams, ponds, lakes or reservoirs. Nest in areas where vegetation is sparse or absent."

Primary Habitat: "Wetland - sand/gravel bars"

References: 005 , 006 , 007

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Rare summer resident. Small nesting colonies on large, open sandbars along major rivers *02,03*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known Likely Unknown Not Likely Historic Extirpated
BOLLINGER CLARK ADAIR
BOONE JEFFERSON ANDREW
BUCHANAN LEWIS ATCHISON
CAPE GIRARDEAU LINCOLN AUDRAIN
CHARITON MARION BARRY
CLINTON RALLS BARTON
GREENE STE. GENEVIEVE BATES
HOLT BENTON
JACKSON BUTLER
MISSISSIPPI CALDWELL
MORGAN CALLAWAY
NEW MADRID CAMDEN
NODAWAY CARROLL
PEMISCOT CARTER
PERRY CASS
PIKE CEDAR
SCOTT CHRISTIAN
ST. CHARLES CLAY
ST. CLAIR COLE
ST. LOUIS COOPER
STODDARD CRAWFORD
VERNON DADE
DALLAS
DAVIESS
DEKALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
FRANKLIN
GASCONADE
GENTRY
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOWARD
HOWELL
IRON
JASPER
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
LAFAYETTE
LAWRENCE
LINN
LIVINGSTON
MACON
MADISON
MARIES
MCDONALD
MERCER
MILLER
MONITEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NEWTON
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PETTIS
PHELPS
PLATTE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
RIPLEY
SALINE
SCHUYLER
SCOTLAND
SHANNON
SHELBY
ST. FRANCOIS
STONE
SULLIVAN
TANEY
TEXAS
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORTH
WRIGHT

References for distribution: 024 , 003 , 004 , 011 , 012 , 014 , 015 , 017 , 019 , 020 , 036 , 013 , 016 , 002

Distribution by Watersheds

Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Salt R.
Cuivre R.
Dardenne Creek
Miss. R. from St. Louis to River Aux Vases
Meramec R.
Miss. R. from River Aux Vases to Ohio R.
Castor R. and Castor R. Diversion Channel
Miss R. from Ohio R. to Arkansas Border
St. John's Ditch and Blue Ditch
St. Francis R. from Wappapello Dam to Arkansas Border
Little R.
Mo. R. from Nishnabotna R. to Nodaway R.
Nodaway R.
Mo.R. from Nodaway to Kansas City
Platte R.
One Hundred and Two R.
Grand R. from Headwaters to Shoal Creek
Grand R. from Shoal Creek to MO. R.
Chariton R. from Shuteye Creek to Mo. R.
Little Chariton R.
Little Osage R.
Marmaton R.
Osage R. from Headwaters to Warsaw, MO.
Sac R.
Pomme De Terre R.
South Grand R.
Osage R. from Warsaw to Bagnell Dam
Mo. R. from Kansas City to Little Chariton R.
Mo. R. from Little Chariton R. to Gasconade R.
Lamine R.
Mo. R. from Gasconade R. to Miss. R.
James R.

Comments: "Likely to occur in units listed, based on county occurrence."

Distribution by Ecoregions

Central Till Plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plains, Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Bluestem Prairie/Oak Hickory Forest
Oak-Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Glaciated Plains: Western
Glaciated Plains: Grand River
Glaciated Plains: Eastern
Glaciated Plains: Lincoln Hills
Big Rivers
Big Rivers: Upper Missouri
Big Rivers: Lower Missouri
Big Rivers: Upper Mississippi
Ozark Border
Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Springfield Plateau
Ozark: Upper Ozark
Mississippi Lowlands
Mississippi Lowlands: Crowley's Ridge
Mississippi Lowlands: Lowlands
Osage Plains

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Terrestrial/Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Lacustrine
Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Lacustrine, limnetic", "Beach/bar, sand"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Beach/bar, sand"
"Riverine, unknown perennial", "Unconsolidated shore, sand"

References for Aquatic Associations: 026 , 003 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 017

Habitat Types:

Pond, Lake, Reservoir
Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 003 , 006 , 017 , 018

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Primary
Streambed
Sand Bar Streambed

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities: 026 , 004 , 017

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Carnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits 025 , 006

Adult Food Habits

Osteichthyes (bony fishes); Not Specified
Insects Insects; Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 005 , 006

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

Water level specified in comments(00180)
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)

References for egg niches requirements: 006

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

References for feeding larvae niche requirements:

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

References for resting Larvae niche requirements:

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: mudflats

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements: 006 , 007 , 010

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

Air temperature specified in comments(00290)

References for resting juvenile niche requirements: 006

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Water level specified in comments(00180)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Inland wetlands: oxbow
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Natural features: sandbars
Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Soil type: gravel soil
Soil type: sandy soil
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Isolation from humans specified in comments(00700)
Bare ground (%) specified in comments(00710)

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 025 , 026 , 028 , 029 , 030 , 032 , 005 , 006 , 010 , 033

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

Big river habitat: main channel
Big river habitat: main channel border
Big river habitat: side-channels
Big river habitat: tributary confluence
Big river habitat specified in comments(00175)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: mudflats

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 006 , 007 , 010 , 035 , 037 , 042

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

Big river habitat: main channel
Big river habitat: main channel border
Big river habitat: side-channels
Big river habitat: tributary confluence
Big river habitat specified in comments(00175)
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features: mudflats

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Air temperature specified in comments(00290)
Bare ground (%) specified in comments(00710)
Big river habitat specified in comments(00175)
Big river habitat: main channel
Big river habitat: main channel border
Big river habitat: side-channels
Big river habitat: tributary confluence
Distance to water specified in comments(00430)
Elevation specified in comments(00240)
Floodplain wetlands: chute
Floodplain wetlands: connected scour hole
Floodplain wetlands: farmed temporary
Floodplain wetlands: remnant wetlands
Floodplain wetlands: unfarmed temporary
General habitat association specified in comments(00270)
Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments(00620) Herbaceous cover (%) specified in comments
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Inland wetlands: oxbow
Inland wetlands: permanent stream
Inland wetlands: pond, lake, reservoir
Isolation from humans specified in comments(00700)
Natural features: mudflats
Natural features: sandbars
Other niche requirements specified in comments(99999)
Soil type: gravel soil
Soil type: sandy soil
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water level specified in comments(00180)

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
013 In CA, were high rates of returns to colonies where nesting occurred in preceding years. Those that did not return moved only a short distance. Showed a significant tendency to nest at natal colony site. *23* in MO study, 42% of adults and 1% of juveniles returned to a previous site *30*.
017 Incubation 20-21 *06,10*, 14-16 days *05*
018 Clutch usually 2-3 eggs *06,07,05,25*
034 Are limited by habitat availability *29*
004 Skims over water surface to fish, or hovers in air and plunges *05*. In MO study, increased cloud cover was associated with decreased foraging efficiency *37*.
035 Low production may be caused by parental neglect, sun exposure, flood, predation by raccoons, laughing gulls, humans, dogs, cats, rats * 05,06,10*. In IA study, kestrels were important predators *25*. In NE study, most egg mortality was from flooding on sandbars and from predation at sandpit sites. Most chick mortality was from predation in both habitat types *33*.
099 Usually nest in colony, do not nest in compact groups. At bell island, IL density 0.7 nests/acre, located in groups of 5-10, averaging 14' apart *06*. Colonies usually of 10-12 birds, often as much as 50 yards separate nests *07*. Activities of colony usually synchronized by high waters *06*. Nest scrape holds eggs and young for 1st few days after hatching. When chicks can walk, parents follow and construct temporary hollows for roosting *06*. In NJ study, average annual turnover was .22, reproductive success was .48 young per pair. Nest failures were due to predation and human disturbance. *21*. In IA, 64% of nests hatched young *25*. In MO, fledging success was .57-.82 *30*. In NE study, nest success averaged .54, fledging success .28, fledglings/pair .47 *33*. In CA, prior to initial peak in egg-laying, used nocturnal roost sites away from the nesting area. Roosted in single, compact flocks and were absent from roost sites during the day. *22*. In FL study, terns nesting on roofs had greater hatching success (29%) than those nesting on the ground (10%) *27*
007 Beginning of nesting seems directly correlated with cessation of spring floods, at least along rivers *06*. In IA, mating begins shortly after arrival during the last week of May, continues until June/July *07*. By August 1 in IA, river has generally receded enough to expose sandbars and islands *07*
027 Only area within a few feet of nest is defended. Space between nests is neutral ground. *06*
031 Mortality high in young, only 75/212 reached flying stage. Low mortality in adults. In MO study, estimated annual adult survival was 85% *30,31*. Only 3/84 eggs found infertile in IL study *06*. In IA study, 6 of 13 chickes hatched survived till fledging *25*. A MO study found .71 and 1.0 chicks fledged per nest at 2 sites, respectively *41*.
033 Arrive last week of May in IA, leave early September *07* spring migration-early May in IL, fall migration varies with nesting period, usually late August/early September *06*. Arrive in st. Louis early June *06*

Life History Information

Territoriality: defends nesting territory
Territory size specified in comments(027)
Mortality rate specified in comments(031)
Migration patterns specified in comments(033)
Limiting factors specified in comments(034)
Regulatory factors specified in comments(035)
Other life history information specified in comments(099)
Origin in state: native
Seasonal distribution in state: spring/summer/fall
Foraging strategy specified in comments(004)
Foraging sites: water
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Mating system: monogamy
Display site: ground
Display site: air
Nest/den site: on the ground
Nest/den site: depression
Nest/den/spawning site tenacity specified in comments(013)
Nest materials: no nest structure
Gestation/incubation period specified in comments(017)
Clutch/litter size specified in comments(018)
Number of broods/litter per year: one
Development of young at birth/hatching: precocial
Parental care of young: both parents

Comments about Life History:

Code Comment
013 In CA, were high rates of returns to colonies where nesting occurred in preceding years. Those that did not return moved only a short distance. Showed a significant tendency to nest at natal colony site. *23* in MO study, 42% of adults and 1% of juveniles returned to a previous site *30*.
017 Incubation 20-21 *06,10*, 14-16 days *05*
018 Clutch usually 2-3 eggs *06,07,05,25*
034 Are limited by habitat availability *29*
004 Skims over water surface to fish, or hovers in air and plunges *05*. In MO study, increased cloud cover was associated with decreased foraging efficiency *37*.
035 Low production may be caused by parental neglect, sun exposure, flood, predation by raccoons, laughing gulls, humans, dogs, cats, rats * 05,06,10*. In IA study, kestrels were important predators *25*. In NE study, most egg mortality was from flooding on sandbars and from predation at sandpit sites. Most chick mortality was from predation in both habitat types *33*.
099 Usually nest in colony, do not nest in compact groups. At bell island, IL density 0.7 nests/acre, located in groups of 5-10, averaging 14' apart *06*. Colonies usually of 10-12 birds, often as much as 50 yards separate nests *07*. Activities of colony usually synchronized by high waters *06*. Nest scrape holds eggs and young for 1st few days after hatching. When chicks can walk, parents follow and construct temporary hollows for roosting *06*. In NJ study, average annual turnover was .22, reproductive success was .48 young per pair. Nest failures were due to predation and human disturbance. *21*. In IA, 64% of nests hatched young *25*. In MO, fledging success was .57-.82 *30*. In NE study, nest success averaged .54, fledging success .28, fledglings/pair .47 *33*. In CA, prior to initial peak in egg-laying, used nocturnal roost sites away from the nesting area. Roosted in single, compact flocks and were absent from roost sites during the day. *22*. In FL study, terns nesting on roofs had greater hatching success (29%) than those nesting on the ground (10%) *27*
007 Beginning of nesting seems directly correlated with cessation of spring floods, at least along rivers *06*. In IA, mating begins shortly after arrival during the last week of May, continues until June/July *07*. By August 1 in IA, river has generally receded enough to expose sandbars and islands *07*
027 Only area within a few feet of nest is defended. Space between nests is neutral ground. *06*
031 Mortality high in young, only 75/212 reached flying stage. Low mortality in adults. In MO study, estimated annual adult survival was 85% *30,31*. Only 3/84 eggs found infertile in IL study *06*. In IA study, 6 of 13 chickes hatched survived till fledging *25*. A MO study found .71 and 1.0 chicks fledged per nest at 2 sites, respectively *41*.
033 Arrive last week of May in IA, leave early September *07* spring migration-early May in IL, fall migration varies with nesting period, usually late August/early September *06*. Arrive in st. Louis early June *06*

References for life history: 022 , 023 , 025 , 027 , 029 , 030 , 031 , 004 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 010 , 021 , 033 , 037 , 041

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - develop/maintain lakes/ponds
Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - develop/maintain mudflats
Water - restrict human disturbance
Water - maintain sandbars
Water - other (specify in comments)

Beneficial Management References: 017 , 021 , 035

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - application of pesticides
Water - application of insecticides
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - drainage of wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes

Adverse Management References: 017

Comments on Management:
Dredging and/or filling may be beneficial by creating sandbars, but may also be adverse by disturbing habitat *17*. Construction of chevron dikes to elevate potential sites so they remain exposed at least 100 days is beneficial *26*. Small fish are an important food item; shallow-water habitats associated with sand islands are important for maintaining small fish biodiversity. Notching wing dams increases associated shallow-water habitat *35*. Human disturbance such as walking through colonies and the used of off-road vehicles are among the causes of nest failure. Fencing and posting nest colonies to reduce disturbance is beneficial *21,33*. Long-term protection of nest colony sites is recommended *23*. Water releases from reservoirs should be scheduled to avoid flooding of nests along the Mississippi river *40*. Fly-ash ponds are best available nest habitat in IA, where other habitat is unavailable. Bulldozing piles of fly-ash periodically is beneficial to remove vegetation, but must be done after fledging is complete *25*. Stream impoundment may innundate nesting sites *28*. Fencing to protect colony sites from predators is beneficial *33*.

References for Management Comments: 023 , 025 , 026 , 028 , 017 , 033 , 035 , 040

References

Reference Code Citation
001 American Ornithologists Union. 1983. Checklist Of North American Birds (6th Ed.) Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. 877 Pp.
002 Easterla, D.A., M.B. Robbins and R.A. Anderson. 1992. Annotated Check-List Of Missouri Birds. The Audubon Society Of Missouri.
003 The Checklist Of Rare And Endangered Species In Missouri. 1991. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Mo. 44 Pp.
004 Unpb Wilson, Jim D. Mo Dept. Conserv. P.O. Box 180. Jefferson City, Mo 65102. (573)751-4115.
005 Bent, A.C. 1921. Life Histories Of North American Gulls and Terns. U.S. Nat. Museum. Bulletin 113. 345 Pp.
006 Hardy, J.W. 1957. The Least Tern In The Mississippi Valley. Pub. Mus., Mi St. Univ. Biol. Serv. 1:1-60.
007 Stiles, B.F. 1939. The Least Tern In Iowa. Ia Bird Life 9:19-23.
008 The Wildlife Code of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102. 573-751-4115.
009 Thom, R.H. and J.H. Wilson. 1980 The Natural Divisions Of Missouri. Trans. Mo Acad. Sci. 14:9-24.
010 Howell, T.R. 1959. A Field Study Of Temperature Regulation In Young Least Terns And Common Nighthawks. Wilson Bull. 71:19-32.
011 Heye, P.L. 1975. A Preliminary List Of The Birds Of The Cape Girardeau, Missouri Area. S.E. Mo State Univ., Cape Girardeau, Mo.
012 Anderson, R. and P. Bauer. 1968. A Guide To Finding Birds In The St. Louis Area. Webster Groves Nature Study Society. 44 Pp.
013 Welcome To Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge Pamphlet.
014 Robbins, M. 1977. Spring Survey. Bluebird 44(4):24-28.
015 Robbins, M. 1978. Spring Survey. Bluebird 45(3):14-20.
016 Kleen, V.M. 1979. The Changing Seasons - Middlewestern Prairie Region. Amer. Birds 33(6):866-867.
017 Unpb Fredrickson, L.H. Univ. Mo. Gaylord Research Lab. Puxico, Mo. 63960. (573)222-3203
018 Kelly, G. (Ed.) 1986. Animal Habitat Relations Handbook. Mo Dept. Of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Jefferson City, Mo. 293 Pp.
019 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. List Of Missouri Animal Notice Species, February 2, 1989. U.S. Fws, P.O. Box 1506, Columbia, Mo 65205.
020 Unpb Popowski, J. Memo To Fish and Wild. Serv. Field Supervisor, Columbia, Mo (Dated 8/16/85), Concerning Revised County Listings Of Federally Listed Species Within Missouri.
021 Burger, J. 1984. Colony Stability In Least Terns. Condor 86:61-67.
022 Atwood, J.L. 1986. Delayed Nocturnal Occupation Of Breeding Colonies By Least Terns (Sterna Antillarum). Auk 103:242-244.
023 Atwood, J.L. and B.W. Massey. 1988. Site Fidelity Of Least Terns In California. Condor 90:389-394.
024 Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
025 Dinsmore, J.J. and S.J. Dinsmore. 1989. Piping Plover And Least Tern Populations And Habitat In Western Iowa. Final Report, E-1-7, Study X. Dept. Animal Ecology, Iowa State Univ. 11 Pp.
026 Smith, J.W. and R.B. Renken. 1991. Least Tern Nesting Habitat In The Mississippi River Valley Adjacent To Missouri. J. Field Ornith. 62:497-504.
027 Gore, J.A. and M.J. Kennison. 1991. Hatching Success In Roof And Ground Colonies Of Least Terns. Condor 93:759-762.
028 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Recovery Plan For The Interior Population Of The Least Tern (Sterna Albifrons). U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Twin Cities, Mn. 90 Pp.
029 Ziewitz, J.W., J.G. Sidle and J.J. Dinan. 1992. Habitat Conservation For Nesting Least Terns And Piping Plovers On The Platte River, Nebraska. Prairie Nat. 24:1-21.
030 Renken, R.B. and J.W. Smith. 1993. Least Tern Habitat And Nest Study. Mo Dept. Of Conservation Endangered Species Proj. Se-01-23, Job No. 3,4 and 5. 34 Pp.
031 Renken, R.B. and J.W. Smith. 1994. Annual Adult Survival Of Interior Least Terns. J. Field Ornith. 66:112-116.
032 Sidle, J.G. and E.M. Kirsch. 1993. Least Tern And Piping Plover Nesting At Sand Pits In Nebraska. Colonial Waterbirds 16:139-148.
033 Kirsch, E.M. 1996. Habitat Selection And Productivity Of Least Terns On The Lower Platte River, Nebraska. Wildl. Monogr. 132. 48 Pp.
034 American Ornithologist's Union. 1987. Thirty-Sixth Supplement To The American Ornithologist's Union Check-List Of North American Birds. Auk 104:591-196.
035 Unpb Tibbs, J.E. 1995. Habitat Use By Small Fishes In The Lower Mississippi River Related To Foraging By Least Terns (Sterna Altillarum). M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 184 Pp.
036 Jacobs, B. and J.D. Wilson. 1997. Missouri Breeding Bird Atlas 1986-1992. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Natural History Series No. 6. Jefferson City, Mo. 430 Pp.
037 Renken, R.B. and K. Dugger. 1996. Interior Least Tern Foraging Ecology In The Mississippi River Basin. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Final Report. P-R Proj. W-13-R-50 (1996), Study No. 19, Job 1. 30 Pp.
038 Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2021. Missouri species and communities of conservation concern checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. pp. 56.
039 Unpb Ehrhardt, E. 1996. Abundance And Distribution Of Waterbirds On Three Habitats Of Missouri River Floodplain Following A Major Flood. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Of Missouri-Columbia. 126 Pp.
040 Kirsch, E.M. and J.G. Sidle. 1999. Status Of The Interior Population Of Least Tern. J. Wildl. Manage. 63(2):470-483.
041 Dugger, K.M., M.R. Ryan and R.B. Renken. 2000. Least Tern Chick Survival On The Lower Mississippi River. J. Field Ornith. 71(2):330-338.
042 Humburg, D.D., K. Bataille, D.L. Helmers and D.A. Brunet. 1999. Wetland Ecology Studies In The Missouri River Floodplain: Evaluation Of Seasonal Habitat Use By Waterbirds On The Missouri River Floodplain. Mo Dept. Conserv. Final Rept. Proj. W-13-R-53, Study 18, Job 4. 130 Pp.
043 Banks, R.C., C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising and D.F. Stotz. 2006. 47th Supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 123(3):926-936.
044 Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, A. W. Kratter, I. J. Lovette, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2020. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. http://checklist.aou.org/taxa