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Taxonomy

Common Name: SPECTACLECASE

Phylum: MOLLUSCA

Class: BIVALVIA

Order: UNIONOIDA

Family: MARGARITIFERIDAE

Genus: CUMBERLANDIA

Species: MONODONTA

Taxonomic Authority: (SAY)

Taxonomy References: 017 , 016 , 002 , 004 , 006 , 011

Status

FEDERAL ENDANGERED
STATE RANK S3
GLOBAL RANK G2G3

Status References: 016 , 001

Habitat Summary

"Occurs in medium to large rivers having riffles and a stable bottom of large rocks or boulders. Usually found in areas where current is reduced."

Primary Habitat: "Aquatic - river/stream"

References: 002 , 005 , 006

Distribution

General Occurrence in State:

"Is found in north slope drainages of the Ozark plateau *06*."

County Occurance

County Occurence
Known	Likely	Unknown	Not Likely	Historic	Extirpated
COLE		ADAIR
CRAWFORD		ANDREW
DALLAS		ATCHISON
FRANKLIN		AUDRAIN
GASCONADE		BARRY
JEFFERSON		BARTON
LACLEDE		BATES
MARIES		BENTON
MILLER		BOLLINGER
OSAGE		BOONE
PHELPS		BUCHANAN
PULASKI		BUTLER
ST. LOUIS		CALDWELL
		CALLAWAY
		CAMDEN
		CAPE GIRARDEAU
		CARROLL
		CARTER
		CASS
		CEDAR
		CHARITON
		CHRISTIAN
		CLARK
		CLAY
		CLINTON
		COOPER
		DADE
		DAVIESS
		DEKALB
		DENT
		DOUGLAS
		DUNKLIN
		GENTRY
		GREENE
		GRUNDY
		HARRISON
		HENRY
		HICKORY
		HOLT
		HOWARD
		HOWELL
		IRON
		JACKSON
		JASPER
		JOHNSON
		KNOX
		LAFAYETTE
		LAWRENCE
		LEWIS
		LINCOLN
		LINN
		LIVINGSTON
		MACON
		MADISON
		MARION
		MCDONALD
		MERCER
		MISSISSIPPI
		MONITEAU
		MONROE
		MONTGOMERY
		MORGAN
		NEW MADRID
		NEWTON
		NODAWAY
		OREGON
		OZARK
		PEMISCOT
		PERRY
		PETTIS
		PIKE
		PLATTE
		POLK
		PUTNAM
		RALLS
		RANDOLPH
		RAY
		REYNOLDS
		RIPLEY
		SALINE
		SCHUYLER
		SCOTLAND
		SCOTT
		SHANNON
		SHELBY
		ST. CHARLES
		ST. CLAIR
		ST. FRANCOIS
		STE. GENEVIEVE
		STODDARD
		STONE
		SULLIVAN
		TANEY
		TEXAS
		VERNON
		WARREN
		WASHINGTON
		WAYNE
		WEBSTER
		WORTH
		WRIGHT

References for distribution: 001 , 002 , 003 , 006 , 013

Distribution by Watersheds

Miss. R. from Des Moines R. to MO. R.; and North R.
Meramec R.
Bourbeuse R.
Big R.
Osage R. from Bagnell Dam to Mo. R.
Gasconade R. from Headwaters to Big Piney R.
Big Piney R.
Gasconade R. from Big Piney R. to Mo. R.

Comments: ""

Distribution by Ecoregions

Ozark Highlands

Comments: ""

Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation

Oak-Hickory Forest

Distribution by Natural Divisions of Missouri

Ozark Border: Missouri River
Ozark Border: Mississippi River
Ozark: Upper Ozark

Habitat Associations

Species is associated with "Aquatic" habitats.

National Wetlands Inventory Association:

Riverine

Aquatic Associations:

"Riverine, lower perennial", "Rock bottom, boulder"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, lower perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Rock bottom, boulder"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel"
"Riverine, upper perennial", "Unconsolidated bottom, sand"

References for Aquatic Associations: 002 , 005 , 006

Habitat Types:

Permanent Stream

References for Habitat Types: 002 , 005 , 006

Terrestrial Natural Communities:

References for Terrestrial Natural Communities:

Food Habits

Trophic Level:

"Omnivore"

Larval Food Habits

Comments for larval food habits:
""

References for larval food habits:

Juvenile Food Habits

Comments for Juvenile Food Habits:
""

References Juvenile Food Habits

Adult Food Habits

Algae; Not Specified
Protozoans; Not Specified
Other Microorganisms; Not Specified
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); Not Specified

Comments for Adult Food Habits:
""

References Adult Food Habits 012

Niche Requirements

Egg Niche Requirements

References for egg niches requirements:

Feeding Larvae Niche Requirements

Host specified in comments(00680)

References for feeding larvae niche requirements: 005

Resting Larvae Niche Requirements

Turbidity: clear water
Water quality specified in comments(00070)
Substrate (not bottom type): mud or silt
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: sand
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type: bedrock
Bottom type: rooted aquatic vegetation
Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Underwater cover: rootwad
Stability of bottom: stable
Gradient: low
Gradient: moderate
Gradient: high
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Natural features: pools
Natural features: riffles
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: ravines

References for resting Larvae niche requirements: 005

Feeding Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for feeding juvenile niche requirements:

Resting Juvenile Niche Requirements

References for resting juvenile niche requirements:

Breeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding Adult niche requirements: 002 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011

Feeding Adult Niche Requirements

References for feeding adult niche requirements: 002 , 005 , 006 , 007 , 008 , 009 , 010 , 011

Resting Adult Niche Requirements

References for resting adult niche requirements:

Niche Requirement Summary

Bottom type specified in comments(00100)
Bottom type: bedrock
Bottom type: boulders
Bottom type: gravel
Bottom type: mud or silt
Bottom type: rooted aquatic vegetation
Bottom type: rubble
Bottom type: sand
Current velocity specified in comments(00150)
Gradient: high
Gradient: low
Gradient: moderate
Host specified in comments(00680)
Inland wetlands specified in comments(00250)
Natural features specified in comments(00280)
Natural features: pools
Natural features: ravines
Natural features: riffles
Relation to substrate specified in comments(00090)
Relation to substrate: occurs in substrate (penetrating)
Stability of bottom: stable
Stream width specified in comments(00265)
Substrate (not bottom type): mud or silt
Substrate (not bottom type): rock substrate
Substrate (not bottom type): sand substrate
Substrate specified in comments(00080)
Turbidity: clear water
Underwater cover: rootwad
Water depth specified in comments(00230)
Water quality specified in comments(00070)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
037	Adults are sessile. The only voluntary movement is to burrow deeper into the substrate. Floods can occasionally force adults out of the substrate and move them passively downstream. Glochidia (larvae) are dispersed while encysted on their host (possibly a fish) 06.
007	Winter breeder (bradytictic) 06. Gravid females have been found in May 09,11.
019	2 broods may be produced in a season 05.
029	Have been found in even-aged clumps, indicating that they encysted from the same glochidial host 06.

Life History Information

Dispersion: clumped dispersion
Dispersion specified in comments(029)
Dispersal specified in comments(037)
Seasonal distribution in state: all seasons
Foraging strategy: filtering
Foraging sites: feed on bottom of stream, lake or pond
Breeding season specified in comments(007)
Number of broods/litters per year specified in comments(019)

Comments about Life History:

Code	Comment
037	Adults are sessile. The only voluntary movement is to burrow deeper into the substrate. Floods can occasionally force adults out of the substrate and move them passively downstream. Glochidia (larvae) are dispersed while encysted on their host (possibly a fish) 06.
007	Winter breeder (bradytictic) 06. Gravid females have been found in May 09,11.
019	2 broods may be produced in a season 05.
029	Have been found in even-aged clumps, indicating that they encysted from the same glochidial host 06.

References for life history: 005 , 006 , 009 , 011

Management

Beneficial Management Practices:

Water - control sedimentation
Water - control pollution (thermal, physical, chemical)
Water - other (specify in comments)

Beneficial Management References: 003

Adverse Managment Practices:

Water - dredging and filling
Water - navigational improvements (channelization, dams, locks)
Water - stream channelization
Water - other (specify in comments)

Adverse Management References: 003 , 006

Comments on Management:
Beneficial: maintain high quality habitat with good water quality. Minimize erosion of silt to rivers. Monitor potential pollutants in watershed (sediment and agricultural runoff). *03*

References for Management Comments: 003 , 006

References

Reference Code	Citation
001	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2004. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 47 Pp.
002	Illinois Natural History Survey. 1997. Cumberlandia Monodonta (Say, 1829) Spectaclecase. Http://Www.Inhs.Uiuc.Edu/Cbd/Musselmanual/Page22_3. Html (Accessed 2 November 2000).
003	Natureserve: An Online Encyclopedia Of Life [Web Application]. 2000. Version 1.0. Arlington (Va): Association For Biodiversity Information. Available: Http://Www.Natureserve.Org/. (Accessed: November 7, 2000).
004	Williams, J.D., A.E. Bogan, R.S. Butler, K.S. Cummings, J.T. Garner, J.L. Harris, N.A. Johnson and G.T. Watters. 2017. A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20:33-58.
005	Oesch, R.D. 1995. Missouri Naiades. A Guide To The Mussels Of Missouri. Second Edition. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation. Jefferson City, Missouri. 271 Pp.
006	Unpb Missouri Department of Conservation Heritage Database. P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, Mo 65102.
007	unpb Dennis, S.D. 1984. Distributional Analysis Of The Freshwater Mussel Fauna Of The Tennessee River System, With Special Reference To Possible Limiting Effects Of Siltation. Ph.D. Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University, Blacksburg. 247 Pp. As Cited In (06).
008	Ahlstedt, Steven. 1984. Recovery Plan For The Cumberland Monkeyface Pearly Mussel; Quadrula Intermedia (Conrad, 1836). Us Fws Region 4, Atlanta. As Cited In (06).
009	Baker, F.C. 1928. The fresh-water mollusca of Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda. Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, Bull. 70, II. WI Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Gen. Ser. 1301, 495 pp. (cited in ref. 001)
010	Murray, Harold D. and A. Byron Leonard. 1962. Handbook Of Unionid Mussels In Kansas. Museum Of Natural History, University Of Kansas, Lawrence, Ks. Misc. Pub. No28. Pp. 1-184. May 10, 1962.
011	Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's Rare Wildlife. Vol. 2: The Mollusks. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency And The Tennessee Conservation Department. 123 Pp.
012	Allen, W.R. 1914. The Food And Feeding Habits Of Freshwater Mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3):127-139.
013	Unpb Bruenderman, S. Mussel Occurrence Database. Missouri Dept. Of Conservation, 1110 S. College Ave., Columbia, Mo 65201 (573-882-9880).
014	Unpb Sternburg, J. MO Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573-751-4115)
015	Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic Community Classification System For Missouri. Mo Dept. Of Conservation. Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 Pp + Supplement.
016	Missouri Natural Heritage Program. 2013. Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist. Missouri Department of Conservation. Jefferson City, MO. pp. 52.
017	Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society (FMCS). 2021. The 2021 checklist of freshwater mussels. https://molluskconservation.org/Library/Committees/Names/Appendix_1_Bivalves_Revised_Names_List_20210825.pdf.